Zou sung a laisimdan suina
David Vumlallian Zou
Queen’s University Belfast, UK
INDIA SOLKAR IN “computer literacy” leh IT (Information Technology) theina thezah ding a gen lai in, Zou sung ah “Total Literacy Movement” eima’n patkhiat thei ahi. Khantouna lam ah kihawmtho nanlei, Zou kampaute zong pilna siamna leh khosah dan ah awlawl in ma i sawm zel uhi. 1954 kum a JCA khawmpi hun lai in, Manipur a Zou kual ah lai simthei-gelhthei (literate) mi tawm mama na lai a, laisiam pente zong class VI tan maimai ahi giap hi[1]. Tuami hun sawt nai lou ahi. Kum sawm-nga
I inn veng Mizogam bang in Total Literacy (100%) nei ding tum ta a, solkar, NGO leh hattuam pawlpite kithutuah tah in pang khawm uhi[3]. Ei Zou sung ah zong NGO khenkhat in Literacy Drive bawl ding hing ngaikhoh pi ua, hinanleh ei ten i numawl-pamawlte laithei ding sang in a sum maimai ki-enlah giap a, nasep bang ma mu ding um lou ahi. Illiteracy (lai sim theilou-gelhthei lou) chi pen mittaw toh kibang ahia, mimal leh nam tuantualna bulpi pen zong ahi. Bible sim khu Pasian aw zahna ahi chi i gen gige ua, hinanleh Bible leh labu sim thei lou (illiterates) te ngaikhohna in Literacy Campaign pen koiman bawl sawm lou zel hi. Tamite pen solkar mopuahna in i koi ua, Literacy Fund um sunsun chiang in nehgu ding maimai in i en zel uhi. Literature a piching ding leh nam khantouna poimo dan i theisa ahi. Hinanleh a zungpi pen “mass literacy” leh Literacy Campaign bawl masa lou in, bang chin i khangtou thei diai? Sunde Skul laivuan chiang a, kam a dawng pawl (illiterate) chi i um lai sia Total Literacy bawl ding leiba nei nalai china i hi.
Zou kam a laibu a kisut chiang in copy 500 – 700 kikal lahvel kisun zel a, tami in laisim thei (literate) leh a sim tahtah (reading audience) mi phaza ding ngaidan ahing neisah hi. Tami mi 500 vel laisimtute lah ah, a tamzaw singtang khawta neuneu a teng ahi uhi. Bible ban ah Khristian Tangkou leh Gospel Tangkou chite a laibu nei sun uh ahi ding hi. Tuaziah in, Zou kam a Tangkou tegel pen Zou sung a laisim-mi tampi adin a “simlei tawlet” (window to the world) uh ahing suah hi. Zou sung a laisim-mite (reading audience) chi 4 a khen thei ahi. Tami umdan hilchetna ding in mi li ka hing telkhia a, amaute Neinou, Thangpu, Mimin leh Chingnu ahi uhi[4].
Mittaw (illiterate) Nu Neinou Dinmun
Neinou kum 45 a upa Tonzang khua a teng ahia, lai simthei lou leh gelh thei lou (illiterate) ahia, mittaw toh a kibat hun a tam hi. Anaupan lai in tom khat LP skul ah ana kai a, tua hun lai in Meitei (Bengali) laiteng “ko, kho, go” ana zil a, hinanleh azatna ding um lou ahiziah in a manghil bei ta hi. Zoulai a A, AW, B, CH bang LP skul ah na zil hileh Bible leh labu etna beh a pang thei ding hi ven. Tualeh a nu-le-pa ten Neinou kung ah hichin ana chi uhi: “Numei nang laisim a panna ding um sih, BA, IA tan sim zou beh lou ding – lou kuan zaw lechin phatuam zaw va” ana chi uhi. Tualeh skul kai kichi pen sum ngai ahi. Suang lai (slate) leh a kung lei ngai a, Rs. 5 vel bei ahi. Tami leina ding a nu-le-pan sum anei zou sih uhi. Behiang ah sing (fire wood) zuah in a kuan zel a, atawp in a laikung man ding a ngah zou hi. Behiang a sing zuah pen sil nop ahi sih hi.
Behiang ten Tongzang mi khat phot “gallamte” (Tuivai gallam china dan ahi) a chi ua, simmaw leh nuainetna khat anei sim gige uhi. Tualeh Behiang te pen atamzaw Khuangnung ham ua, Tongzang te pen Khodai ham uhi. Ani a Zou ham tuahtuah ahivang in aw-khaih dan leh kamteng kibat louna themkhat um hi. Behiang ten Tongzang-te Khodai ham pen a simmaw sah ua, chiamnuina in a zang zel uhi. Tualeh Khodai ham pen laiteng a kisun ngai mel lou ahiziah in a beimang (extinct) thei ding abang hi. Churachandpur district a “literacy rate” 74% ahivang in[5], tami Tonzang khua ah lai simthei-gelhthei 25% zong pha lou ding hi. Tualeh numei laithei (female literacy) ahileh 15% zong ching lou mai thei hi.
Tongzang khua a lai
Neinou in ta pasal 7 leh numei 5 anei a, a tate skul kai ding a deisah mama hi. Hinanleh tulai skul fee a tam deudeu a, a unau ua skul kaisah dan um thei lou hi. Atate teng zong ama bang a lai thei lou hing suah zel ding abang hi. Hinanleh a tapa tah pen in Behiang ah class VI tan a sim a, sepaih kilahna ah a pan sawm hi. Aman Bible khat veivei a sim zel a, Khristian Tangkou zong upa pan ahing hawm zel hi. A fee Rs.30 tah ahiziah in piah hamsa sim veve hi. Tangkou copy luite Neinou in loukuan chiang in dum-muam leh chi (salt) tunna din a zang zel hi. Tualeh Behiang a a-lei gige The Statesman (Calcutta edition) pen zatep zialna din a zang gige a, hinanleh Statesman abei chiang in Tangkou a zang suh gawp hi.
Lai thei (literate) Upa Thangpu Dinmun
Upa Thangpu ahileh kum 55 vel mi ahia, Singngat ah a teng hi. Nidang in singtang lam ana teng hinanleh Kuki-Zomi 1997-98 gal buai apat Singngat ah ana teng ta uhi. Aman a khanlai in class II (Meitei ham a “Ani suhba”) tan ana zou a, amau hun adia laisiam lawi ahi. Upa Thangpu pen sakhawmi leh mi kipezou ahia, a hattuam sung uah kizatat mama hi. Bible sim leh hilchetna bute zong Zoukam, Paite leh Mizo tanpha in zong a sim thei hi. Apoimo hun ah, ama Sunde Skul oja-pu a zong kizang zel ahia, a thugenten mipi a chawm mama hi. Tualeh Thangpu in Gospel Tangkou zong a sim zing a, a fee zong a pe gige hi. Lamka apha sunsun chiang in, aman a hattuam adin Gospel Tangkou a-lom in ahing paw zel a, biah-inn ah ahawm zel hi. Hinanleh Thangpu in unau Presbyterian-te sut Khristian Tangkou pen sim ngai lou a, simthei din zong ngaisun ngai vateh lou hi. Mizo ham a kisun laibute toh teh in, Zou kam a kisum laibu leh Tangkou pen gina zou lou asa hi. Tuaziah in pulpit sermon abawl ding chiang in, Mizo laibute asim zel a, tuami pansan in thu agen zel hi.
l Upa Thangpu in Tangkou ah thului (article) ni vei vel a gelh ngai ta a, a thupite ahileh aman zong athei chian non sih hi. Aman Tangkou bu luite kembit sese lou a, lupna nuai leh inn nuai vel pou ah zong a um zengzung uhi. Upa Thangpu in “archives” chi ngaidan anei sih a, “File” zong a nei sese sih hi. A lupna tung leh kangkal tung te “File” dan in a zang mai a, laipeh a thang zengzung hi. Tangkou a a-laigelh pen tuahun laitah a alungsim vut mama thu khat chu ahia, kumtawn hinna leh pianthana lam toh kisai hileh a kilawm hi. Upa Thangpu laigelhte dan pen English a “impressionistic”[6] kichite ahi. A thului dang khat pen Hagau Siangthou a dimna lam deu hileh a kilawm hi. Hagau Siangthou toh kisai article agelhna Tangkou bu pen azi in nau-eh siana in a zang a, tuazou in ui in a tawmang ta hi. Upa Thangpu pen mi piangtha in kingaisun a, hattuam lamkai khenkhat piangtha lou dia a ginlel lawi a um a, hinanleh koima lah amaitang a va gen thei hi zel lou hi. Pulpit a adin chiang in, thu hemgen in, mi piangtha lou dia aginlelte leh azi-atate a kaap sim vagiap hi.
Upa Thangpu pen theina lam a akimuan mama vang in, theology training bawl ngai zong ahi tuan sih hi. Tualeh Bible hilchetna leh singtangmi ham a “Devotional Literature” khel zong laisim ngai ahi sih hi. Adihtah in, “semi-educated” kichite ahia, upa ten “Sing um louna ah gua kizang” a chibang a Singngat hattuam a kizang ahi. Nidang singtang khota a ten lai diahdiah un, tua sang a kizang zaw nalai ahi. Hinanleh kum tampi “experience” nei ahiziah in, khosung leh hattuam level ah Upa Thangpu pen sithuai himhim lou hi. Tualeh ama laisiamna lahlaw dan zong athei veve thou a, tuaziah in a tate theitawp in lai a-sim sah hi. Nei sunsun a kichawm atate zong lai asiam thei mama uhi. Apa bang un, Upa Thangpu taten laisim a ngaisah uhi. Hinanleh a laibu sim utte uh leh a lunglutna uh pen a kibang sih. Upa Thangpu taten English a kigelh laibu tuamtuam – novel, magazine, comics leh newspaper chite a sim nuam zaw uhi.
Upa Thangpu mit apat et in, tulai Manipur dinmun a lungvaih huai mama hi. Newspaper a kitha-kimatte a sim kha zel a, khovel in Pasian thu aman lou a pona mama hi. Kol-le-vai milim bete sang a Tapidaw-te gitlou dan a thei a, hinanleh kolte pen meidil a lut thouthou dia, ei Khristian-te pen vangam nuam kinem i hidan a muthei hi. Tualeh Pasian theilou i pi-le-pute zong maw a-sa mama a, singzung-suangzung abiah uh a ngaisut chiang in a hasiattha asuah hi. Upa Thangpu mudan in, i gam buaina pen inn-sung kisiat ziah ahi. Inn-sung kisiat ziah ahileh numeite leh zi-le-ta ten a mopuahna uh a zaw lou ziah in athei hi. Tuaziah in, a lungsim khat ah, siatna bangkim a zi ziah hidin a ginglel sim hi. Inn-sung kikhopna leh pulpit apat alem dandan in Upa Thangpu in a zi-le-tate a kaap sim gige hi. Aman ta pasal 6 leh numei 3 tah anei a, a hawm sim nalai hi. Tualeh lai a sim chiang in zong, numeite mosiatna lam thu ten a lungsim a khoi deu a, laikung toh tuami munte a nualam chia zat ding in a chiamte zel hi.
Hinanleh khat veivei ama leh ama zong a kimosah samna (guilt) in adim zel hi. Ahinkhua peisa a silbawl khial aneite a gel zel a, Pasian lungthahna a inn-sung a tung a a-gintat hun a um zel hi. Ama kimosiat leh midang mosiatna ngen a adim ziah in, Upa Thangpu in tahsa-le-hagau a khantouna nasep ding a lunggel man seng sih a, zong poimo asa sih hi. A hattuam a laisim thei lou leh gelh thei lou numawl-pamawl tampi um lam zong a thei vateh sih hi. Thu agen chiang in, khovel pilna siamna in kumtawn hinna a piah thei loudan agen a, Pasian mit a mipil-misiamte motdan gen ding a kilawp mama hi. Hinanleh Tongzang a Neinou pen Singngat a sakhisa zuah dia ahing zin in, mimawl chi in Upa Thangpu in a lungsim ah musitna lianpi anei veve hi. Tualeh hattuam sung a sumsinna lam a mi a loching deu a-um chiang in, Upa Thangpu pen kipahna leh lungthahna in a dim hi. A sawm-a-khat uh a mu chiang in a kipah a, hinanleh ama sang a gualzawlna tang zaw mi a mu chiang in lungthahna leh kingaisiatna anei hi. Tuaziah in khovel hausatna bang ma lou ahidan chi subject zong pulpit a agen mun pen khat ahi.
Graduate Pa Mimin Dinmun
Mimin ahileh
Competition adia phatuam lou Zou kam a kisun Tangkou leh secular literature tangpi chi vel simna ding hun Mimin in nei lou a, zong a lunglut himhim lou chi zaw mai vai. Aziahpen i lunglutnate bawlna ding hun kimu thei veve hi. Hinanleh mi inn a vah chiang a, inn lam apat hing kithot Tangkou te amu chiang in, “Thu Tuomtuom” chia anualam a kigelh-te pen a sim ut mama hi. A sung a thu-tuun te pen a et maimai leh zong a ihmut a suah sah hi. Thu a thei sasa “Kumtawn Hinna” chivel leh “Hagau Siangthou” chivel, Upa Thangpu in
Tualeh Tangkou sung a thu kigelhte hagau lam leh “devotional literature” lam ngen ahiziah in Pa Mimin in sim ding athei sih hi. Tualeh mimawl deu mai khen khat in article agelhte bang hoina sang in siatna a hing tut ding a zau hi. Mipil misiamte demna (anti-intellectuals), hausatna demna, numei musitna, khantouna nualna leh rapture tun ding thu (millennialism) chivel laigelh Zou kam a kisun Tangkou te sung ah hun chin in kimu gige hi. Tualeh in tami tengteng in Zou te khantouna dia melma lian penpen ahi chi ngaidan anei hi. Thudih chanve ngen a Zou tate kipuipui ding hilou a, thudih ki-selbuh gen ding poimo dan a mu hi. Khatvei pen Zou sung khantouna toh kisai a phatuam dia a gintat article khat a gelh khe dup a, hinanleh editorial lamte ngaidan toh a kituah lou ziah in a sua nuam sih uhi, “Tami Tangkou ah hichi lam thu kisua ngai sih” achi uhi. Tuami apat, Mimin in hattuam lam ah ki “involve” non lou ding a sawm ta a, na suahsuah uh suah un, chi lungsim anei ta hi. Tualeh hattuam lamkai ten zong Zou sung a khantouna lam thu himhim a, a hithei tan a ki “involve” lou ding policy a nei ua, tahsa leh hagau khantouna pen ui-le-kel bang ahi chi ngaidan hattuam upa tampi lungsim ah a-um zing hi. Mimin in Zou sung kisiat-kibalna leh tuantualna pen hattuam lamkaite ginat lou ziah in a mu a, tualeh hattuam lamkai ten zong solkar nasem ten sawm-a-khat a gina piah lou ziah a hagau lam a kihat thei lou ahi, achi veve uhi.
Posting a
Laisiam Chingnu “Simlei Tawlet” Hilchetna
Chingnu in solkar sepna amu zou lou vang in numei laisiam ahi. BA a zoh in MA zong a sim belap nalai a, numei ahivang in chi-le-nam a ngaina mama hi. Aman Mimin bang in laisim pen solkar sepna muna din a sim thou a, hinanleh pilna deina ziah in zong laibu tampi a sim belap hi. Pasian thu lam leh theina zau (secular) laibu zong tampi a neu apat a sim zing a, Zou pasal graduate maimai te sang in thu a thei zaw hi. Zou kam a kisun laibute ban ah, English a kisun tampi a sim a, zong a kembit tinten hi. Inn hoi anei lou vang in, Chingnu in almarah hoitah anei a, a sung ah laibute chingkip tah in akem a, laibu it leh ngaina ahidan kimu thei hi.
Gospel Tangkou leh Khristian Tangkou sung a lai kigelhte sim tah sih nanleh, Zou kam a kisun ahiziah un khangsawnte adin kepbit (documentation) ngai ahi chi Chingnu in a thei a, tuaziah in laigelhte kepbitna Private Archives kichi khat a kinei a, Zou kam a kigelh laibu leh article himhim tami Archives sung ah kichup tah in “catalogue” a bawl a, a volume tuamtuam in a khui (binding) khawm hi. Tu ban ah Zou te tanchin “research” bawl utten ama Private Archives zat hing ngai ding abang hi. Tami Chingnu Archive a Zou kam a laigelhte khenpi nga in kikhen a, amaute ahileh (1) Tapidaw laibute (2) Secular laibute (3) Hunbihnei a kisun Journal-te (4) Khawl a kisun lou laigelh Manuscripts (5) Mimal laithot, diary leh laipeh themthem “Private Papers” kichite. Manuscripts leh Private Paper-te Chingnu in “File” sung ah kichup tah in a koi detdet a, thulu (information) i dei penpen bailam tah a etthei (retrieve) va lian ahi.
JNU apat MA na zoukhia, Tv. Paulianhang in Zou Workshop Delhi a “Role of mass literacy and local journalism in the Zou society” (March 2005)[7] a paper presentation a bawlna ah Khristian Tangkou sung a content-analysis leh contributors analysis a bawl hi. Aman study abawlna apat tam bang a musuah hi:
“KT sung a thu kigielte ahileh Khristian hinkhuo, Khristian innkuon, hattuom tawh kisai leh pawlpi gindan thute ahia, article tamzawte Bible pansan leh Bible toh kituoh a giel ahi tangpi hi. Khristian unau khat leh khat kihanthawnna, thumna nei dingdan, chite a ki-uong gen mama hi. Secular article a kisuo vang mamam hi … Article giel tute hina enlei a suon huoi taluo umlou chimai ding ahi. Laisimna lam ah BA, BD neite asang pawlte ahi uhi. Amau ka simmawna ahisih a i society dinmun uh ka gen utna ahizaw hi. Ahileh i laisiam neisunte uh heilang a um ta? Tami’n a etsah ahileh lailam a zilna sang nei i tawm ban ah, a umsun te’n zong society puohnatna i nei sih ua, apawnate’n zong ngaidan kupna ding space i nei sih uhi. KT a lah secular article te suotheilou dingdan in ngaidan i nei zel ua”.
Chingnu in Gospel Tangkou study abawlna ah, laigelh tute (contributors) pasal vive ahi ua, pasal ngaidan leh muna maimai a tahlang uhi chi ahing theikhia hi. Tuaziah in Gospel Tangkou sung ah numei musitna ngaidan tampi poison um ahi chi amu a, Bible deituam khenkhat pansan in Zou pasal laigelh tuten numeite a dem dan uh ahing thei khia hi.
Chingnu in January - September 2005 sung a Gospel Tangkou thu-tuun suina (content analysis) a bawlna ah laigelhtu (contributors) mihing 12 a um a, a bawn un pasal ahi ua, numei contributor khat zong a um sih hi. A thugente uh a thu-lu dan a i sui leh tami teng a tuun hi: pianthana thu, Pasian gintatna, khristian itna (love), rupture leh second coming a kivauna (millenarianism), hattuam lamkaihna (leadership), nupa kikal thu (relationships), biah-inn zatdan ding (restrictions), Zou tawndan leh ngainate, adg. a ki nah gen mama hi. Atangpi in Christian-te nasep ding genna lam thu sang in, “Bawl sin” (negative teaching) chi lam thu leh ki-vauna ngen ahi. Maban a bawl ding (positive teaching) lam thu kigenna poimaw pen ahileh Revd Hangpi Manlun gelh “Literature a kipumkhatna”[8] chi ahi deu pen a, tahsa-le-hagau lam khantouna (development) thu toh zong a kinai pen a suah hi. Tami article chi lou Zou sung a “development” toh kizom lai kigelh khat zong a um sih a, tami zong biah-na lam a khantouna genna maimai ahi nalai hi. Christian hattuam ten kipumkhatna bukim (organic unity) nei thei sih nanlei, nasep silbawl a pankhawm thei (unity in ministry) ahidan agen a, etsahna din Zou kam a Pasian labute (hymnal) sutkhawm ding deidan a tahlang hi.
Tualeh Gospel Tangkou Jan – Sept. 2005 sung a laigelh tuten tami article-te gelhna din laibu khat zong a sim sih uh chi Chingnu in a muthei hi. Amau mimal theina maimai ah a kinga ua (impressionistic), a thu-lu gen sawmte uh – khristian itna, hattuam lamkaihna, nupa kikal thu, adg. – midang amau sang a ngaikhoh zaw leh theisiam zaw ten zong laibu a 1000 a sim a na gelh sa uh ahi chi a lunggel masa sih uhi. GT Editorial maimai in khat vei midang laigelh “Reference” a pia a, W.A. Criswell gelh “Can we trust the Bible” laipeh 92-na a tahlang hi. Tami Reference chindan pen sil hoi mama ahi, aziah pen midang ngaidan zang ngal a, Reference i piah louleh, “plagiarism” kichi a, “mi ngaidan guhsah” china ahia, course case kai theina ahi. “Plagiarism” khu dan bawsiatna (crime) khat ahi. Tuaziah in Referece piah dan Chingnu in MA a sim lai apat ana zil ta hi. Pasian thugen kichi ngal a, midang ngaidan guhsah (plagiarise) pen, corruption chi khat ahi pai a, a ngaikhe tute adin zong khattouna um va chi kinem ahuai sih hi. Lai gelhtu ten midang laibu tampi sim a, tuachia Reference zong piah gige ding deina ahi. Reference bawl pen laigelhtu dangte tung a kipahthu genna leh i sulnua tuban a laigelh hing um ding ten a nuasui kia theina lampi hoi pen zong ahi.
Thu-khahna
Tun Zou sung a lai simdan leh laibu zatdan chi li umte i theita uhi. Apoimo pen ahileh lai simthei lou Nu Neinou leh singtang a Zou naupangte adia Total Literacy panlah ding dan thu ahi. Tami thu khoh vawt pen Upa Thangpu in ngai sah lou a, aman a lungsim teng leh thahatna teng a zi-le-tate mosiatna leh ama kimohsiatna (guilt circle) in a zang bei a, khantouna nasepna ding hun anei sih hi. Pa Mimin lah Shillong leh Delhi chivel a posting pei koikoi ahia, Total Literacy bawlna ding hun a nei sih a, hinanleh a hattawp leh sum Rs.500 – 1000 vel tami development nasepna din hing pezou giap ding hi. Hattuam lamkai-te pen “rupture” leh vangam lam thu toh buai seng ahi chiang un, Tongzang a Nu Neinou buaipi man lou uhi. Tualeh Nu Neinou adia Literacy Fund um sunsunte peimang (divert) ding dan a buaipi zaw uhi. Social organisation leh nam lamkai ten Neinou leh a khote uh pen “vote” kuang dan maimai in mu giap ua, Rs.100 vel a lei thei din a hisap ua, ahitheileh a hausa pa tungtawn a lei dan ding a ngaisun uhi.
Chingnu in Zou sung a Tangkou laigelhte pasal ngen ahiban ah, khantouna thu himhim ngaisah lou ahidan uh a thei hi. Aman pen Tongzang a Nu Neinou dinmun a theisiam a, hinanleh zong ama ngei in zong solkar sepna leh dinmun kichup nei lou ahiziah in, Total Literacy chite a gen ngam sih a, a gen sunsun chiang in koima bil ah alut tuan sih hi. Hutdamna
NOTES & REFERENCES:
[1] ELCC Office Archives, Zomi Colony (CC Pur) JCA Minute Book 20 February 1954. Tami JCA Minute Bu sung ah 1950-52 hun a Zou sung dinmun hichin kigelh hi: “Hichi hun laivel in Jou gam kichi hi a mial in a mial nalai a, kima lai tan 6 zong a um nai sih hi. A um khat leh nih ana um nanleh aki thei kha nai sih hi …” (p. 7).
[2] Hinanleh statistics hoitah a um lou ziah in, bang ma getchet thei ahi sih hi; tua ziah in Zou sung a Literacy Survey bawl ding poimo mama hi.
[3] “Mizoram set to achieve Total Literacy” [On-line] http://www.newkerala.com/news, 12 September 2005.
[4] Neinou, Thangpu, Mimin leh Chingnu kichite min kibul tawm (fictious) ahia, a dinmun kigente Zou sung study bawl dia “hypothetical case” a ngaisut ding ahi.
[5] Census of India 2001 – Manipur Provisional Population Totals, Paper I of 2001, p. 13.
[6] Tangkou a thului tamzaw “Impressionistic” style a laigelh ngen ahi. Thu guntu tah a study leh suina um sese lou in, laigelhtu in a lungsim vut penpen a gelh ngaungau a, tuami thulu toh kisai a midang laigelh zong en vateh lou hi.
[7] Tami thului pen original reference ahileh P, Hang (2005) “Role of Mass Literacy and Local Journalism in the Public Sphere: With special reference to the Zou society” chi ahi. [On-line] http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ZouWorkshop/message
[8] Manlun, Revd Hangpi (2005) “Literature a Kipumkhatna”, Gospel Tangkou Vol.19, No. 8&9, August & September 2005; pp. 3 - 4.
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