Khotang Siamphatna Huikhi Laandan

Historical Overview of Social Renewal among the Zous

David Vumlallian Zou

Queen’s University Belfast, UK

ABSTRACT

Athu mai a gen in khantouna um thei lou a, asep a pawng sep tho in zong bangma piang zou lou hi. Ngaisutna leh nasep a zohkhawm (praxis) ngai hi. Mailam lunggel kichian neina din, nualam a khantouna nasep peidan “historical overview” nei masat ngai hi. Zou sung a khotang siamphatna hun thum a khenthei ahi. Khatna ah, JCA pate hun apat 1974 a hattuam kikhen tan. Nina ah, 1990s vela pat khotang ngaikhohna tha hing um kia hi. Athum na ah, 21^st century a “ngaisutna leh nasep” pangkhawm a minam tunding dingdan kikupna ahi. Minam khantouna dia Total Literacy Mission dinkhiat ngai ta a, tualeh Education System pumpi zong siamphat ngai hi. I numei-te uh suahtatna din, Zou society in mun-awng (space) honsah hun ta hi.

KEYWORDS

Praxis, Paulo Freire, problem-posing education, mun-awng (institutional space), numei suahtatna (emancipation)

INTRODUCTION

Khotang siamphat dan ding theory hoitah um masa lou in, khotang siamphatna movement piching um thei lou hi[1]. Athu agen maimai (verbalism) hun lou a, asep-asep khiat tho mai (activism) zong dei huai lou hi. Ngaisutna leh nasep a zawkhawm ngai a, tami pen English in praxis kichi hi. Bible in nasep tellou ginna khu a shi ahidan ana gen hi[2]. Alangkhat lam ah, ngaisutna tellou nasep zong a shi ahi, chi thei veve ahi. Tami thului in Zou sung a “total literacy” bawl dingdan lampi a sui a, tualeh Latin American educationist minthang Paulo Freire in education siamphatdan ding agente ahing tahlang hi. Freire ngaidan pen “Problem-posing education” kichi hi. Tualeh Zou sung a numei in gamtat-khoheina ding mun-awng (institutional space) anei loudan zong a tahlang a, minam khantouna dia numei zalenna poimo dan agen hi. Zou milip kimkhat (50%) numei ahia, tami minam phalkhat a tuantual laisia khantouna um thei lou ding ahidan agen hi.

KHOTANG SIAMPHATNA PIANCHIL KHANG 1954 -1974

Zou sung ah, khotang siamphatna ngaikhohna 1950s vel apat na um ta hi. Mizogam a Welsh mission nasep dan toh kibang sim in, JCA mimasa ten hattuam nasep leh khotang siamphatna kiselbuh tah in na zohkhawm sah uhi. Tunia Zou kual a Manipur solkar sepna (4^th Grade) nei mi tampite bang tua hun lai a JCA mission skul-te gasuoh ahi ngal uhi. 1950s lai a JCA pate Agenda thupi pente ahileh Zou literature siamkhiat ding leh khotang sianthouna chivel ahi. Tua hun a JCA record luite i sim leh, Zou labu sut ding a ngai poimo dan uh kimu thei hi. Zou Bible sang in labu (hymnal) na kisun masa zaw hi. A Minute Bu uah tambang in na kigelh hi:

“Himi hunlai in Joutang tou a mite bang mi kam ham ngen in a ham ua … Jou mi zousia mi kam a ham nasan laibu i nei louzia ahi chin ka thei doh vua, Jou labu a manlang thei pen a sutna ding kang ngaihsut vua, a la ding Kamjakhup leh teng leh Thonghang le, Sema leh teng a bon in ka hing lakhom vua, ka hing sun ta uhi”[3].

Labu pen sim ding hilou a, sah tho dia hisap ahi.Tualeh Zoukam la-teng (oral tradition) apat laiteng (written literature) a suah masatna ahi. Zou Bible kisut in tami laigelh chiindan a namdet hi. Tami JCA lamkaite ma in tanchinbu Jogam-Thusuo zong March 1954 in ana pan ua, hinanleh sawt dai lou in a khawl pai hi.

Zou literature ban ah, 1950s lai a Zou tapidaw-te Agenda poimo mama dang khat ahileh siangthouna ahi. Adiah in Pu Tunzakap in 1957 kum apat tami singthouna gospel a tangkoupi deu in a kilang hi. Ama adiah in khanglai lamte a veina a, Sunde Skul literature zong abul ana pan hi. JCA Minute Bu ah Tunzakap tanchin hichi’n kigelh hi:

“Sakho lam ah hileh tahsa lam hileh a veina khom a, naopang khompy a um chiang bang in gam leh nam siang thouna vat a athei zia in progoram ah, Social Work na ding atuang sah a, nungah tangval belnot pol, in phiat pol, van koitup dan hil pol, ta leh nao etkol dan hil pol, kholai phiat pol, a guat a, mipin thu oi tah in ana zui a, gam le mual in mason in a phattuampi mama uh hi”[4].

JCA sang ma in zong Catholic mission in skul leh hostel chite na pibawl zaw a, Zou sung ah officer hunkhop i nei law uhi. Adiah in Father Ravarico[5] ahileh Zou khotang khanletna dia lampi sial masa khat ahia, Zou minam adia a contribution-te khangtha ten moh manghil lou ding dei huai hi.

1974 a MGP-ZCC kibuai apat Zou minam in khotang siamphatna lam sang in doctrine – dogma kibuaina in tha leh lungsim tam zaw na seng kha hi. Tami hun sung in tahsa leh hagau khantouna khu ui-le-kel bang ahi chi ngaidan Zou sung ah hing piangkhia hi. Athu a gen tho (verbalism) leh nasep (activism) zong ui-le-kel dan bang in kigen leuleu hi. Tami “theory” kichian tah a koi man agen lou vang in, UZO leh hattuam ki-gal etdan ah a lungsim uh kilang hi. Mizogam leh Manipur a Paite sung i etleh, khotang leh hattuam khantouna zohkhawm dan muthei ahi. Zou sung ah UZO pen Setan vaihawmna dan in mi tampi in hisap moh a, MGP leh ZCC pen Pasian vaihawmna dan in na kikoi sese hi.

1950s lai a Zou tapidaw-ten khotang ngaikhohna (social concern) a nei pen uh 1970s vela pat i mansua ta uhi. OT a zawlnei kamsang ten khotang siamphatna a ngaikhoh dan uh i kitheimo bawl ua, alang khat lam ah tanchinpha genna (evangelical concern) maimai i uang bawl uhi. Tami ahileh 1910 -15 vel a America a kuulmutna tha hing piang, Fundamentalist[6] kichiten ei gam tanpha a zong huzap anei ziah hidin agintat huai sim hi. Hinanleh awl in evangelical hattuam lamkai tamzaw ten khotang a khristain-te mopuahna pen kilepmang san thei lou ahidan ahing mutha kia uhi[7].

ZOU SOCIAL GOSPEL LEH KHOTANG SIAMPHATNA 1990s

Pastor khen khat in OT zawlneite bang in, khotang siamphatna kisap dan amu thei uhi. Etsahna din, Rev. H. Nengzatun in 1991 kum in “Zou Mite Khotang Hinkhua Siemphatna”[8] chi laibu bang na sun ngai hi. Ama ngaidan leh 1950s lai a JCA pate ngaidan a kibatna tampi um in ka thei hi. JCA pate bang in, Rev. Nengzatun in a thu a gen (verbalism) sang a, asep asep ding (activism) lam a uang gen hi. Tami pen lunggelna leh nasep pangkhawm (praxis) ching lou deu hi.

Tuami sawng ma in Zou Social Gospel (ZSG) kichi 20 February 1994 in ahing dingdoh hi. ZSG ten khotang siamphatna toh kisai theory khat anei uhi. Tami theory pen Evangelical khristian sung a na kibawl khia, “social gospel” chi ahi. Britain ah kum zabi 19 hun lai in Baptist pastor F.B. Meyer[9] in Jesu thuhilnate mimal sianthouna ding maimai hilou a, khotang sianthouna dia zatthei ahidan ana gen a, tami pen “social gospel” kichi hi. Hinanleh ZSG ten a theory uh guntu tah a study bawl sese lou in, tomkhat sung asep asep tho (activism) in a hun sah ua, hattuam kipumkhatna chi lou sildang a buaipi seng sih uhi. Tami Agenda a poimo vang in, tua i nua-etleh, kawchih sim a bang phial hi. Bangteng hileh, ZSG in sakhona lam a huapzouna, politics khantouna, leh khotang khantouna chi silthum teng a kizopna om ahi, chi amu thei uhi. Tami “social vision” ziah in Zou society kizopna teng pumkhat in a en thei uhi.

Kuki-Zomi Tualgal 1997-98 zou in ZSG te thawm gin kiza nalai a, MGP-ZCC kigawm thei dan ding zong lampi kisui nalai hi. 2000 kum a Zou nampi an-ngawl a kisia ni kibawl tan in zong hattuam pumkhat ding kinepna um nalai hi. Hinanleh 2003 sung in ZCC in “internal crisis” ahing nei a, dei lou dan in sil ahing tung a, kikhenna tam sem ahing piang hi. Alang khat lam ah, MGP leh MEP pen Synod khat ah ahing kigawm thei zel hi. ZSG te tupna pen losam-loching chi ding ahing suah hi.

21^ST CENTURY A KHOTANG SIAMPHATNA DING AGENDA

Zou society in khantou lam a manoh dung zui in, khotang buaina hamsa sem suhveng hing ngai ta hi. Tami hamsatnate daltu bang a ngaisun lou a, chouna (challenge) dan a en ding ahi zaw hi. Hamsatna hing tung dingte maleep (anticipate) thei in, amavang in kisahkholna bang nei thei lei dei huai hi. Gintat dan a khovel ahing kihei leh, 2020 kum chiang a India zong gam hausa hita dia ki hisap ahi. Tami hun a Zou kampaute zong midang toh kiliangkim adin theina din tu apat kisahkhol ngai ta hi. Tunai a ZPCS dinkhiatna, Zou Christian Music Committee leh ZYO complex hingpian khiat dante’n tu 21^st century adia trend-setter a ngaisut thei ahi. Tualeh i khang toh kituah a khosuah na dia kisam khotang siamphatna chi 3 i tahlang ding uhi.

1. Total Literacy Mission: Khotang khantouna dia kisam masa pen bang adiai? chi’n kidong lei, mi tampi ten IAS, IFS, M. Phil, PhD chite i ngaisun masa pen mai thei ding uhi. Tamite a poimo a, hinanleh minam khantou tahtah na din Total Literary Mission poimo zaw nalai hi. Manipur Zou milip 20,000 vel sung ah, IAS mi 200 leh PhD mi 200 um nanlei zong Zou minam pumpi kikhangtou pai ding china hituan lou hi. Mimal leh minam lochinna a kizop a, hinanleh sil kibang hi tuan lou uhi.

Khovel a sum hau pen (GDP) kisuina ah, India 3^rd position in pang pha a, hinanleh “living standard” niam penpen khat ahi zel hi. Tualeh India ahileh khovel a mipil misiam (IT professionals, doctor, engineer) hau pen khat ahia, hinanleh gam “literacy rate” khovel a niam pen pawl ahi. Tuaziah in khantouna pen zung pat a, niam leen sah ngai masa hi. Anneh-tuidawn ban ah, laisim thei leh gelh theina (literacy) khu mihing tahsa leh hagau khanletna dia kisam masa pen ahi. Total Literacy Mission i pichin suah lou leh, Zogam ah kum teng in revival tung in, van apat sum-le-pai mana bang in hing kesuh zungzung nanleh, khantouna tahtah um thei tuan lou ding hi. Zou sung a Total Literacy Mission bawlna din, amasa in Literacy Survey bawl masat angai ding a, hattuam statistics tuamtuam te zong compare thei ahi. Aban ah panmun dan 3 bang siam ngai ding hi:

(a) Front guard: LP, JB skul leh mission skul oja-te educational training bawl teitei dia phut ding dei huai ta hi. I oja-te uh a tam zaw training nei lou ngen ahi uhi. Zou kual a solkal oja te DIET course Lamka ah bawl sah thei ahi. Tualeh a lem dandan a solkar leh mission skul zong merger bawl thei ahi. Apoimo pen ahileh Zou khosuan a oja-te a duty post chiat a adinkip uh ngai hi. Oja a duty post a sem lou-te LCC (LEC) member chi vel a telching non lou ding ahi. Oja a duty post a ding te Christian missionary bang a ngaisut ding ahi ua, zatatna zong a nasep uh toh kituah a piah ding ahi. Zou kual a 100% literacy rate nei masa pen khua (veng) a pang dia kidem ding ahi.

(b) Middle guard: Naupang leh piching Sunde Skul ten lai thei loute adin Remedial Class a neipi thei uhi. Tami ding in text-bu zong sut thei ahi. Laivuan chiang a “kam a dawng pawl” chi Category suh bei ding ahi. Sunde Skul oja-ten training leh refresher course kum khat a khatvei-nivei beh abawl ding uhi.

(c) Back guard: Nipi leh phalbi khawl hun sung in, sangnaupang volunteer ten Zou khote ah abanban in Literacy Camp a bawl ding uhi. Tami pen ZSP leh ZYO ten makaihna ala thei ding uhi. Kum chin in literacy rate tam pung penpen ten nuamman Literacy Trophy zong a sang ding uhi. Total Literacy Mission a pichin hun chiang in, Zou Literacy Pawi bawl ahi ding hi.

2. Educational Reform: Zou kual a solkar, mission leh private skul-te ah zong oja leh naupang lai kihildan siamphat ngai ta hi. Nidang lai a chiang toh naupang-te ui khet a khet chite, leh kii-pi laihil (parrot learning) te tawp san hun mama ta hi. Tami ziah a Zou sung a oja-te training leh workshop nei khawm zelzel lunggul huai ahi. Lamka ah zong B.Ed leh BE zou Resource Person a chial thei ding mi tampu um ta hi. Tulai khang toh kituah a teaching method tuamtuamte oja-ten theisah ding dei huai hi. Atom in genlei, i “educational philosophy” uh pumhen hun ta hi. Tum lam gam ah, hun sawtpi apat Plato, Rousseau leh John Dewey ngaidante zui in naupang na ki-enkol hi. Hinanleh Paulo Freire in 1970 a Pedagogy of the Oppressed chi laibu ahing sut apat, laihil dan ding ngaidan tha khat ahing kimusuah hi. Paulo Freire in mi tampi in Banking Model zui a lai a hildana mopaih a, aman Problem-posing Model bawl ding dan a mukhia hi. Naupang laihilna a oja-ten a theidia poimo masa pen ahileh, koima lungsim ah theina kihil tho thei lou hi, chi a pom masat uh ngai ahi. Paulo Freire in tami toh kisai hichin agen hi:

“Houlimna (dialogue) tungtawng in naupangte oja chite leh oja-te naupang chite a beimang ua, kizopna tha ahing piang hi: oja-naupang leh naupang-oja chi ahing piang hi. Oja-te pen naupang laihiltu maimai hinon lou in, naupangte toh houlimna apat siamna ziltu ahing suah uhi. Naupante zong ziltu mai hilou in, hiltu ahi veve uhi … Koiman mi laihil thei lou a, eima mimal mai in zong bangma kizil thei lou hi. Khovel i mudan uh a kibat lou dung zui in, khat leh khat apat theina i lasawn uhi …”[10]

Naupang lungsim pen paper awng leh suanglai (slate) bangma kigelh nai lou – tabula rasa – dan in na kingaisun a, tami Banking Model theory dih lou dan Rousseau hun apat na kithei ta hi. Banking Model in naupang lungsim pen “bank account” kihong tha bang in a geel a, theina pen sum bang a thunlut (deposit) thei din a hisap uhi. Theina tengteng text sung a um dan a hisap in, tamite kii-pi (parrot) bang in naupangte chiinpha (memorise) sah a sawm uhi. Sil tampi chiamte zoute kumtawp exam chiang in Mark tampi a piah ua, Mark tam mute a pil dan in a hisap uhi. Naupang huahbu sung a theina a kikhumlut (deposit) thei lou chiang un, chiangkang toh ui sat in oja-ten a sat ua, anah sat deu chiang ua theina hing luanglut dingdan in a hisap uhi. Tualeh Banking Model in naupang teng a ki-eh bah siang in a hisap a, a laizil dan uh zong sepaih-te parade dan a “speed” kituah chetchet din a hisap uhi. Naupang in mizia leh talent tuamtuam anei chi thudih zong a pom sih hi. Tami Banking Model pen Paulo Freire in nasa tah in a doudal a, Problem-posing education Model zang din ngetna abawl hi.

Problem-posing Model in oja leh naupang kidaidanna baang a sat chimit masa a, lungsim kihong a houlim theina ding bouruak (learning environment) a bawl masa hi. Theina tahtah text-bu sung a um lou in, naupang leh oja pankhawmna leh houlimna apat hing piang ding ahi chi a pom hi. Text-bu pen vanzat chi khat maimai ahia, naupang-te lunglutna toh kituah in text-bu suh lamdang gige ngai hi. Text-bu thei ding pen education siltup thupi pen hilou a, naupang-te lungsim hong khiatna dia Dotna bawl ding poimo zaw hi. Naupang lungsim in Dotna ahing siam thei chiang in, theina kitasam non lou ding hi. Education tup-le-nim bang ahiai? chi dotna bang siamzil bulpatna ahi. Miteng in Dotna kibang nei ngai sese lou hi. I mimal leh minam buaina dawng thei lou laibute’n pilna hing pethei lou ding uhi. Dotna leh thei utna bawl masa lou a naupang lungsim a thu tampi i moh thun sawm leh, naupang in Dotna bawl ngam lou deudeu ding a, BA, MA hilezong kizang thei tuan lou ding uhi. Mihing khat in class I apat class XII tan a laibu i simteng manghil thei sih lei, a lungsim manthei lou suah ding hi. Apoimo pen ahileh theina chepte (memorise) ding hilou in, Dotna tha siam ding ahi zaw hi. Tami din chepte siamna sang in, sil manghil theina poimo zaw hi. Siamsinna dihtah pen dotna siam ngamna (critical mind) leh siltha puahtheina (creative mind) neina dia naupang leh oja-te houlimna guitan lou ahi zaw hi. Naupang in a laibu sim toh a kimvel a a-khovel experience dan azopkhawm thei lou leh, sil kivaat khat um china ahi. A text-bu hoi lou amah, a oja-te houlimdan kivaat khat hi ding hi. Siamzilna pen a mong bei ahia, dotna i bawl ngapna tantan ah theina in hing ngah hi. Theina pen tuiluang bang ahia, text-bu sung a kivei den hi lou hi. Khang (generation) chin in buaina tha nei zel a, tamite suhvengna din dotna tha poimo hi. Tami in theina tha piangsah zel hi. Tuaziah a syllabus tha a hun zil a siam zel poimo hi.

3. Emancipation of Women: Khanglui lai in numei na kimusit mama a, tuahun lai a British anthropologist-ten Zo (Chin-Kuki) numeiten suah (slave) hinkhua a zatdan uh ana gen uhi. Phalvah apat nitum tan in numei ten na asem ua, tangval-te pen a tuam in Haam (Sawm) Inn ah agiah uhi. Tami pen pasal lalna leh thuneina society (patriarchy) kichi hi. Tun zong Zou sung ah numei domkang tuan lou a, nuainetna bei nai lou a, tami in i minam a tuantual sah hi. Zou sung ah numei milip 50% vel ahia, pasal tengteng khangtou nanleh, i numeite a tuantual uh leh Zou minam pumpi khangtou thei tuan lou ding hi. Mihing khat a phal lang khat zeng leh, ama pen mizeng kichi veve a; a lang khat maimai hibou, kichi thei lou hi. Zou society i et leh, a phal lang khat zeng ahidan kithei khe pai hi. I custom leh khanglui proverb, inn sung, hattuam leh khotang hinkhua chite ah numei nuai-mangna (erasure) mun adim in um hi. Numei in gam lua ding kiphal lou a, ta pasal nei loute “inn gam” kichi hi. Tami custom Pasian bawl hilou a, mihing bawl tawm ahi. Pasal-te bawl tawm ahi. Ta pasal deina in Family Planning dal thei a, zawl saina leh kikhuulna chite paing sah hi.

Inn sung ah numei nuainetna in tate khantouna dal a, Zou minam lungsim damtheina (mental health) nahpi in sukha hi. Hattuam lam ah upa leh pastor tan pasal veve kigual a, vaihawmna teng pasal khut ah kikoi hi. Khotang kivaipuahna ZSP leh ZYO chite ah numei kinuai-mang bei a, Treasurer tung lam panmun tu din kisinsahna leh muanna zong kinei lou hi. UZO ahileh 100% pasal kipawlna ahia, Zou milip 50% (numei-te) representative hikha nai lou hi. Hattuam lam ten Zou numei-te adin mun awng (institutional space) neu khat ahong ua, MWCA leh ZWCA chite ana ding khia hi. Tami numei pawl ten antang ham, sum leh pai leh church property nasatah in a tun ding sah uhi. Zou sung a hattuamte huzap (influence) pen UZO huzap sang in hat zaw hi. Aziah ahileh hattuam lam ten Zou numei-te mun awng (space) a siamsah ziah ahi. Paite sung ah zong numei pawl ziah in Dorcus Hall piching tah ana lam zou uhi. I numeite uh mun awn a, zalenna i piah lou leh, i minam hatna 50% kizang thei nai lou china ahi. Tami thuguh Tum lam gan ten sawtpi in na thei ta ua, khotang kisiamphatna nasa tah a tun hi. Zou numeite mun teng a zalenna i piah chiang in, i khotang buaina kimkhat bei ding hi. I numei-te uh kitchen sung a i khum laisia, Zou minam khantouna in kitchen kaan zou lou ding hi. Inn sung, khotang, hattuam, sum suina, politics leh siamzilna ah Zou numei-te adia mun-awng (institutional space) i siamsah hun ta hi.

CONCLUSION

Minam khantouna din infrastructure – lamlian, railway, electric power, hospital, school, public library, youth centre, adg. – chite poimo a, hinanleh abihtah a Zou sung adin Total Literacy Mission ah kipan leh lamzang pen din a gintat huai hi. Total Literacy leh Numei Suahtatna pen khantouna din “infrastructure” sangma a poimo zaw ahivang un, solkar sum toh bawl thei zong hilou zel hi. Tamite pen “khotang sumpi” (social capital) kichi a, minam khantouna zungpi detsahtu ahi uhi. Manipur Zou milip 20,000 sung ah Total Literacy Mission loching sah lei, laisim thei mi piching 10,000 bang kinei ding hi. Tami teng lah ah 25% maimai in Zoukam laibute hing sim uleh, laibu copy 2500 phail kisun thei ding china ahi. Zoukam in market hoi hing nei ding a, literature piching sem kinei thei ding a, laigelh-te zong hing “professional” ta ding uhi. Tami in Knowledge Society neina dia khuam zungpi hing tunding sah ding a, khangsawn ah Knowledge Economy (services, finances, banking, tourism, hospitality, call centre, adg.) bang hing dingdoh thei ta phial ding hi. Numei-te zong kitchen sung ah kikhum non lou ding a, nehsuina leh sumsinna tuamtuam ah pasal toh kiliangkim in ding ta ding uhi. I sangnaupang leh graduate-te un kii-pi bang a laizil non lou dia, i khang toh kituah theina ziltu mai hilou in, theina bawltu (knowledge-producer) in hing pang ding uhi. Ngaidan thatha leh siamna thatha hing pawlut ding ua, nehsuidan thatha ahing siam khe ding uhi. Tua hun chiang in koiman solkar sepna chite pou dei non lou ding uhi.

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NOTES AND REFERENCES:

[1] Lenin in hichi’n ana gen hi, “Without a revolutionary theory there can be no revolutionary movement”. See Freire, Paulo (1993) Pedagogy of the Oppressed, London & New York: Penguin Books, p. 107.

[2] Jacob 1: 23 leh 2: 20 ah tami Praxis umdan toh kinai mama thuhilna um kha a, hinanleh tami mun ah a thu agen (verbalism) sang in nasep (activism) poimodan kigen uang zaw hi.

[3] ELCC Office Archives, Churachandpur, JCA Minute Book 1954 – 1958, p. 10.

[4] JCA Minutes, p. 50.

[5] Kosha, Donald (1988) A Historical Sketch of the Catholic Church in St. Paul’s Parish – Chandel District, Manipur, Chandel: 22^nd Catholic Congress.

[6] Fundamentalist kichi pawl ten tahsa leh hagau thu ui-le-keel bang in a ngaisun ua, Evangelical Khristian sung a kuulmut pha diah a kingai sun ahi uhi. Ama un “social gospel” a dem ua, khristian ten hagau lam khantouna maimai buaipi ding ahi chi gingtatna anei uhi. Tapidaw tamzaw ten Fundamentalist-te ngaidan pen kiselbuh leh piching zou lou in amu ua, uar-bih nei dan in a koi uhi.

[7] Stott, John (1999) New Issues Facing Christians Today, London: Marshall Pickering.

[8] Nengzatun, Rev. H (1991) Zou Mite Khotang Hinkhua Siemphatna (Social Reform among the Zous), Lamka: Director for Development of Tribal & Backward Classes, Manipur.

[9] F.B. Meyer (1847 – 1929) in tua hunlai evangelical khristian-te khompi minthang Keswick Convention ah 1887 apat thugenna ana nei pan hi. Jesu nuazui kichite mimal hundamna leh sianthou ding maimai toh buai lou a, Samaria mihoipa bang a itna nasep khovel a tahlat ding ahidan agen hi. (See Ian M. Randall, “The Social Gospel: A case study” in Wolffe, John. 1995. Evangelical Faith and Public Zeal: Evangelicals and Society in Britain 1780-1980, pp. 155 – 174).

[10] Freire (1993) Pedagogy of the Oppressed, p. 61.