02 April 2011

Lungsim, Sumsin leh Nehsui Zaleenna Gam Ah


Where Minds and Markets are Free

David Vumlallian Zou

Queen’s University Belfast, UK

In a country where the sole employer is the State, opposition means death by slow starvation. The old principle: who does not work shall not eat, has been replaced by a new one: who does not obey shall not eat - L. Trotsky, 1937

"Dusk has fallen, but the hills of many ages still stand" - Ratan Thiyams (Nine Hills One Valley)

Thupatna: I Gam Liangvai e!

Laphuah-tu in “I gam a liangvai e, lawm lawm” ana chi bang in, maban i gam dinmun toh kisai lunghimawna tampi um hi. I gam bouruak in a zil lou ziah in, mimal puahnatna nei te hamkhel ding kiveng a ham ngam non lou a bang hi. 1997 galbuai apat thaulawng vaihawmna (Gun Culture) nuai ah i um uhi. Gal bawl bailam a, nanleh kilemna siamkhiat bailou hi. Nidang bang a muanna-le-bitna nei kia na din’ khang khat teitei lut ding hi. Bang chidan a tu i dinmun a ding i hiai? Bang chi suahtat ding? Tami i buaina-te koi pou lunggel thei te’n i pawna ngei uhi. A damdawi di’n sakhona (Christian piety), gam-leh-nam itna (parochial patriotism) leh solkar tung a kiphinna (politics of protest) chite i gentel zel uhi.

I gam a Gospel ahing luut tung lai in, miteng Christian suah in piangtha lei i gam pallun mai din’ ana hisap uhi. Nailam lou hi! I khanglui sakhua hun lai sang in Christian i suah apat “crime” (guta-lata, tualtha, sisansua) sang zaw daih hi. 1997 tual gal in “Pasian panpina thum in” ei leh ei i kithat thei veve uhi. Pastor leh a “tor” lou, a piangtha leh tha lou zong 1997 tualgal in kilamdanna pi umlou hi. US President George Bush bang zong sakhomi leh “mi piangtha” khat ahia, hinanleh tulai khovel a sisan suahna huaise pen Iraq Gal pantu ahi thei veve hi. Minam tampi (Japan-te, Hindu-te) bang Christian suah sese lou in khangtou ua, Christian gamte sang ma in “crime” nei lou zaw uhi. Ei lawi in “Pasian thu” (God talk) maimai ki buaipi a, i gam tahsap leh buaina tahtah te ngaisun pha in kinei lou hi. I gam a natna, AIDS, khamthei-guithei, laitheilouna (illiteracy), numei dopsangna, zi-le-ta vuah (domestic violence), huisiang-tuisiang ngaikhohna (ecological concern), nehgu-tahgu, numei-naupang soisahna (child abuse) leh neh hoi lou ziah a damlouna (malnutrition) chite agen in zong kigen kha vet lou hi. Achang chiang in, i gam khantouna dia damdoi (solution) i bawl te mama zong a natna (problem) suah thei hi. I gam ah “Pasian thu” in sakhua lam sil ah kilamdanna tun a, hinanleh i nehsui leh sumsin dan ah khantouna tahtah hing tun lou hi. I buaina-te zung sui tum masa lei, suhdam thei thamtham ahi. Natna teng adin damdawi um a, a um lou lezong mudoh thei nalai ahi.

Nung-le-ma Entha Ni

Sakhua leh society toh kisai houlimna a kibawl chiang in, mi khenkhat ten, “Athu a gengen hun hi non lou, asep asep khiat hun ahi ta” achi thei zel uhi. Bible ah zong nasep tellou ginna pen a shi ahi chi i mu hi. Nanleh misiam tampi ten nasep toh “tongsan samtui chiim bang luan” sah ding a deihuai dan agen uhi. Tongsan (theory) leh nasep (action) kigawm pen English in “praxis” kichi hi. I theisiam din gen mai lei, “Zo naw” toh kilebul chet ahi. “Zo naw” pen tongsan tellou a, ginlelna nei man lou a, asep asep khiat thaw ahi. Shakespeare in Hamlet ah ginlelna chau, nasep tellou a buchin loudan zong agen thou hi. Hinanleh ei singtangmite dinmun ah tongsan leh ginlelna poimo in ka thei hi. Aziahpen ei lah ah, Doubt-Debate-Discuss (tongsan) chite kithupi sim mel lou abang nalai hi. British laphua siam Matthew Arnold in hichi’n ana gen ngai hi,

To act is so easy, as Goethe says; to think is so hard! … Let us think of quietly enlarging our stock of true and fresh ideas, and not, as soon as we get an idea or half an idea, be running out with it into the street, and trying to make it rule there … I am bound by my own definition of criticism: a disinterested endeavour to learn and propagate the best that is known and thought in the world.

(Goethe genbang in, a sepdoh nop a, a geldoh ha hi! … Ngaidan minlou khat i nei chiang a, kholai a tangkoupi ding leh vaihawm dia tai pai lou in, dai tah in ngaidan hoi leh tha tampi kholkhawm masa vai … Criticism khiatna ka piah pen ka tukip hi: khovel a sil hoi kitheikhia leh kingaisunte lungsim kihong tah a zil ding leh thezah tupna ahi).

Ginlelna pen sil bailam hi lou hi. Ginlelna in lunghimawna, dotna hamsa leh sil theichet utna tampi banah houlimna-tongsan manpha zong piansah kha ding hi. Jesu ngei in ama hun a sakhona thuhilna lui (religious orthodoxy) a ginglel a, dotna hamsa tampi abawl gige hi. A dotna te Pharisai leh Sadukai ten zong dawng thei gige lou ua, mi tampi in Jesu a muda law uhi.

Zo minam pumpi Tapidaw asuahna ziah poimo khat ahileh ginlelna ziah ma ahi. Nidang a Lawki biahna pen Pau Cin Hau hun apat ginlel in na um a, dotna hamsa tampi kidot khum hi. Zo sakhua lui a i pi-le-pute gindan in mishite hagau in Mizogam leh Burma gamgi a Rihdil ana gaalkai zel uhi. Samat-galmat nei loute Mishikhua ah a tung ua, mi hausa leh galhatte pen Pialgal gamnuam ah a leeng uhi. Zo sakhona ah nei-le-neilou kikhenna (class division) um zing a, mizawng-te adin Pialgal (Vangam) pen kinep huai seng lou dan ahi. Zogal (World War I) lai in i pi-le-puten Sap-kaang te galhatdan na theikhe pan ta uhi. Tualeh Japan Gal (World War II) sung in Japan mi leh Tuisuahgiat apat mihing nam tuamtuam um ahidan kichian sem in ana thei ta uhi. Nam kideikhop leh kiliansah tah Zo minamte pen Sap-kaangte khutnuai ah hun tomkhat na khosa hi. Tua hun lai in, Sap-te Pasian leh Zo pusa koi zaw ahat zaw diai? chi ginlelna i pi-le-pute lungsim ah Zogal zou vel apat na lut thamtham ta ding hi. 1990 kum a Hiangtam ka zin in, Lawki upa Tapidaw suah ut lou khat ka thei na lai hi. Aman pusa a kibiah a, Bible pen America-te gelh maimai ahi chi gintatna anei hi. Aman Zo sakhona ginglel thei nai lou a, tuaziah in Tapidaw sakhona pen pomthei lou phot hi.

Zo minam sung a Kristian suah masate ahileh Lushei gam a suahte – Bawi kichite – ban ah numei naupang lamte ahi deu uhi. Tapidaw pen migenthei leh liangvaite sakhona dan in i pi-le-puten na en zing uh ahi chi Upa Thanga (1883-1957) laphuah apat kimu thei hi:

Mangpa loupi pen ka hing pahtawi uhi …

Lungkhamte sal liangvai migi loute din,

Sangngate gentheite, Mangpa leh Pasian …

Na tate ka leh mauna na ngaikhe leng …

Nam chin mial apat sal a pawt kipah hen.

Tapidaw na suah masa penpente samat-galmat tung tawn a Pialgal tung dia kinepna nei khawl lou teng ahi sim hi. Etsahna din, ka pu pen Lawki siampu ahina toh na shi a, hinanleh meithai-taga ka pi Telluan pen Khristian na suah hi. Ginlelna ziah in khovel kisiamdan hilchetna tha hing um thei a, Zo sakhona apat Sap-kaangte sakhona theichet utna hing um thei pan hi. Mizogam ah Rev. (Dr.) Zairema hun apat Tumlam gam a Welsh missionary-te sinsahna nasatah in ki ginglel pan a, dotna tampi na bawl khum hi. Tunai in Rev. (Dr.) Vanlalchhuanawma in Christianity and Subaltern Culture (2006) ah missionary-te sinsahna nasatah in thusitna a bawl khum hi. Pasian in Sapte a veh chiang in Sap zia in a veh a, Kol-te kung ah Kol dan in akilah a, Zo minamten zong Pasian pen Zo zia a biah ding ahidan Mizo lamkaiten anah gen mama uhi. Zo minam ten Sap-kaangte zia leh “theology” toh Pasian biah ding kisam sese lou ahidan nasatah in agen uhi. Zo tapidaw sung a kikhen-kibalhna tampite zong Tumlam gamte “theology” nengneng te ziah ahi zel hi. Sakhona thu pen kinial lam ah pei ding chi lei abul leh tawp um lou hi. Tuaziah in misiam tampi te’n sakhona teng dih chiat (equally true) asa ua, scientist khenkhat in suai chiat (equally false) achi ua, hinanleh politician-te’n pen a bawl in phatuam (equally useful) asa uhi.

Ginlelna pen dotna leh tongsan in zui thei leh chi lunggul huai hi. Tongsan chiindan pen Zo pasalte guah kihuai tuam na ding hi lou hi. Khanglui lai in pa-thununna (patriarchy) nuai ah na kikhosa a, inn sung leh khotang vaihawmna ah numeite na kipampaih hi. Zi vua leh sat (domestic violence) chiindan zong tuni tan in Zodawn lam ah bei nai lou hi. Pa-thununna toh kisai ginlel ding leh kidot ding thu tampi um hi. Zonu a mawl vang in thudot in um ngai lou a, a mawlna henkol sutna din koi man laitheina (literacy skills) zong penuam tuan lou hi. Zodawn lam ah kum 30 Sunde Skul a kai vang a, A AW zong simthei nai lou Khristian numei tampi um nalai hi. Sunde Skul tung tawn a Zo nute laisim dan kisinsah ding Pasian in a daal amah? Dal lou ding hi. Khovel ah kikhenna chi tampi um hi – khopi/khota tenna mun (domicile), azawng ahau (class) kikhenna, numei/pasal (gender) kikhenna, lai thei leh thei lou (education), chi leh nam (ethnicity) a kidaidanna tampi um hi. Hichibang kikhenna khovel ah Zodawn a teeng kha, income nei lou, Zo “tribe” neu khat sung a numei laithei lou a piang khate dinmun se petma hi. Singtang lohou a kivah inn kuan sung ah zong pasal sang in numei dinmun niam deu sese a, pasal Bible sim thei lou sang in numei Bible sim thei lou tam deu sese hi. Hichibang dinmun hamsa tah a um Zodawn mite Second Coming thu toh galgih sang in Literacy Mission leh Survival Skills khenkhat kihil leh manpha zaw din a lamet huai hi.

Tongsan Samtui Chiim Bang

Prof. Homi Bhabha in khovel a gam tuantual Third World kichi-te’n theory leh politics a khen (polarize) uh a poidan tunai in agen hi. Tuaziah in, gam tuantual te’n huahbu neimi “theorists” kivaat ua, asep asep thaw mi “activists” ahau uhi. Tami gel kiselbuh tah a, azawh khawm masang sia, huabu nasep leh thagum nasep ah koima nam piching ngai lou ding hi. Aziahpen tulai pilna khang Knowledge Economy ah, lungsim leh huahbu zang lou a khantouna ding leh hausatna ding lampi um himhim lou hi.

Ei India in zong 1991 apat “free market” ngaidan awlawl in ahing theisiam a, tuami zou sawt lou in India economy khang hulhul hi. Tuaziah in khovel a nam thupi te’n zong a maipha et pan ta uhi. Hinanleh CSDS Survey 2007 in, India mi 3% maimai in tami Economic Refrom ngaidan theisiam giap ahi chi agen hi. Tualeh India laithei mite sung ah zong 14% chau in Market Economy umdan theisiam giap hi. India a laisiam tampi te’n socialism leh sakhona khel bangma ngaidan nei thei lou ua, tualeh socialist lungsim (mentality) nei ahi lam uh zong kithei vateh lou uhi. A ngaidan uh saa (thick) mama hi! Hichibang dinmun ah, India in khovel a Prime Minister leh Finance Minister changkang tawp a nei vang in Economic Reform in mailam sawn belap thei non lou hi. Gam mipi in Free Market umdan a theisiam nai lou ziah in, solkar in alangtang in Reform bawl ngam lou a, awlawl in a themthem in bawl hi. Tuaziah in, mi khenkhat in India siamphatna pen “reform by stealth” (backdoor reform) achi hial uhi. Etsahna din, Congress solkar in India a airport te “privatize” ut nanleh, Delhi leh Mumbai maimai “privatize” sawm masa uhi. Tami athemthem a reform kibawl-te Labour Union te’n nasatah in a doudal nalai uhi. India ah khovel kiheidan manthei lou a nasem “activitists” tam seng a, maban khantouna ding dal phaban uhi. Adiah in, i communist inn veng Bengal leh socialist Manipur ah hichi bang “bandh activists” a uang diah khol hi.

Bible ah tongsan chiindan zui dia chialna tampi kimu thei hi. Thuhun Lui ah Pasian leh Job kinialna huaisia i thei ta uhi. Tualeh Pasian in tongkum ding leh kinial ding in mihingte chial gige a, “Hing pei un, tong kikum ve ni” (Isaiah 1:18) achi hial hi. Van leh lei a pilna umteng tongkupna leh kinialna apat hing piangkhe thei ahi zaw hi. Job laibu sung ah Pasian pen kinial hat Toupa ahidan kimu thei hi. Kinialna din ginlelna poimo a, dotna tampi siam ngai leuleu hi. Pasian in Solomon pilna apiah lai in, ginlelna (doubt) tampi apia hi. Bible sung a ginlelna hau pen Solomon hidin agintat huai hi. Ecclesiastes sung a ginlelna toh thugen pen Solomon ahi ngei ding hi: “Mihing tate hagau van lam a kaltou a, gamsate hagau leinuai lam a kumsuh ahi mel bang na thei ei?” (Eccl. 3:21). Mihing leh gamsa ten hagau nei tuah hitaleh, bang e i kikhiatna? chi ginlelna Bible a kigelh na um sun ahi mai ding hi. Thuhun Tha lam ah zong Thomas in ginlelna hau mama a, Jesu liamnate a mit ngei a amu matan gingta lou hi. Mulou a gingtate pen a “hampha” hi, chi i thei ua; hinanleh mu a gingtate theina “detdou” sese ding a, pilhuai sese din i lamen hi.

Khovel a zilna leh theina zousia ginlelna apat hing kipan ahi zing hi. Sir Francis Bacon in, The Advancement of Learning (1605) ah hichin agen hi: “Ginlelna nei theina leh siamkhiatna in manphatna thuapni nei hi”. Khatna ah, ginlelna in theikhelna apat hing vengbit a; anina ah, thudih kichian zaw sem a sui din ahing tawsawn hi (Sen 2005: 27-28). Thudih theina lampi hoi pen ginlelna ahi chi Bacon in ana gen hi. Tualeh mipil Friedrich Nietzsche in a laibu minthang, Human, All too Human (1878) ah hichi’n ana gen hi:

Convictions are more dangerous enemies of truth than lies … It is not the struggle of opinions that has made history so violent, but rather the struggle of belief in opinions, that is, the struggle of convictions … Out of passions grow opinions, mental sloth lets these rigidify into convictions.

(Zuaugen sang in ginna khu thudih melma lian zaw ahi … Ngaidan kibatlou ziah a history a thagum suahna tampi um hilou in, sumkuang chiang kei a ngaidan khat shipi ngamna ziah ahi … Lungsim kilawpna (phulna) apat ngaidan hing piang a, huahbu thasiat ziah in tampi phulna te ngaidan kip asuah uhi).

Hinanleh ginna leh kinepna tellou in koima khosa thei lou ding hi. Mihing society leh sakhona pumpi zong ginna leh kimuan ngamna ziah a peipei thei ahi. Laigelh-tu khat in “Faith and Knowledge” toh kisai in hichi’n agen hi, “Ginna leh theina ten tup-le-nim kibang anei uhi” chi hial hi. Ginlelna in theina lampi ah hing pui the a, theina in ginna zong piansah thei zel hi. Hinanleh ginlelna um lou in i phah tawp kitung paipai ding hi. Apoimo pen ahileh tawp lou a thudih sui ding ahia, tawp lou a dotna lampi zui ding ahi. Robert Frost in tantoh a lungkim a hoi lou dan hichin anagen ngai hi:

The woods are lovely, dark and deep.
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep.

(Muikhua zin kuan singgam dum didialte etlawm sang.

Nanleh ka tongchiamte mualsua nai lou,

Ka zaal masang, lam saupi zui din haibang ei ngah lai).

Tu dinmun Manipur singtanggam ah kivaihawmna mumal um lou hi. Tualsung vaihawmna um lou ziah in, athaluang in tangval thau tawite khut nuai ah i ki-enkol mai uhi. Mipi deina toh kiteel tualsung vaihawmna chikhat kisam mama hi. Minam khantouna din zauna bei a tong kikup ding poimaw hi. Ginlelna leh dotna tampi bawl a, khat leh khat tong kisan tuah a, asep asep mai hilou a, Social Policy kichian tah a kikup gige ding poimo hi. Ei Zo minam sung ah mipi tongsan (public debate) chiindan um lou in na tampi na kisem gige hi. Mabah ah TV, newspaper, seminar leh debating forum tuamtuam zang a minam adia poimo thu khat photphot kikup ngatngat ding dei huai ta hi. Tualeh Right to Information Bill chite zong feltah a zat thei ahina din mipi leh thutha-saite adin pilvan huai sa ing. I pastor leh sakhua nasepte zong khantouna (development), Human Rights leh social issue tuamtuam a nasep leh thugen a tusang a ahing kihal tam sem ding uh dei huai hi. Thudih gen na hi phot leh, zau ding um lou a, taan ngam (sacrifice) zong khat veivei kisam mai thei ding hi. Pastor ten silpiah (tithes), Building Fund leh Second Coming thu maimai agen thei ding uh chi Bible ah kimu sam lou hi. Nidang a OT zawlnei-kamsang ten zong khotang hutdamna leh politics thu nasatah in ana gen tham uhi. Tongsan samtui chiim bang luan din Pu Rabindranath Tagore in hichin Pasian kung ah thumna na nei kha hi:

Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high;

Where knowledge is free …

Where the clear stream of reason has not lost its way into the dreary desert sand of dead habit;

Where the mind is led forward by thee into ever-widening thought and action –

Into that heaven of freedom, my Father, let my country awake.

(Lung shi lou a, lu dopsang ngam na mun ah,

Siamna leh pilna zalenna mun ah,

Tui chiim bang a lungsim ngaisutna gilte, ngaidan lui sehnel gamgaw lah a agammang louna mun,

Lunggel piching sem leh nasep tangzai zaw sem dia nangman lungsim na kehletna mun ah,

Pa aw, tuabang zaleenna vangam ah, ka gamlei hing phong tan).

Sumsin leh Nehsui Zaleena Gam Ah

Bang dia’ Tagore thumna India zalen zou kum 60 nua a zong tangtung lou ahiai? Tudin mun ah Tagore pianna suahlam Bengal sang in India simlam “Golden South” ah zalenna dihtah a nailam zaw hi. Adiah in, Banglore leh Hyderabad bang India a economic zaleena bulpantu, Information Technology (IT) phualpi asuah ta uhi. Tagore bang a Nobel prize sang ve, Bengali mi Amartya Sen in Bengal a saltanna (unfreedom) huaise pen gilkialna, natna leh zawnna chite guntuh tah in a sui a, “Khantouna khu zalenna lampi mai hilou in, zalenna mama ahi” chi a kichian tah in amu suah hi. Tuaziah in Tagore in “zaleen gam” agen pen muna dia’ sana chabi (golden key) ahileh khantouna ahi. Alampi dih sui a, i zui lou leh, gam itna maimai toh zaleenna muthei hilou hi.

Vangsiat huai tah in, i innveng Bengal leh Burma chite socialist phualpi ana hi kha ua, ei zong ahing huzaap pha ahi ngei ding hi. India ah zong Indira Gandhi hun in socialism chi thuteng i Constitution ah na kiguang lut a, i gam a sumsinte shi lah shi lou, hing lah hing lou in kikawi hi. Tua hun lai in, car hoi tawp solkar VIP te’n azat uh ahileh Ambasador car ahi mai hi. Sum inn dim nei nanlei tuami zong moh lei thei hilou a, hun sawt pi khat ngah ngai nalai hi.

India a “free economy” melma lian pen Bengal communist-te ahi, chi lei kigen khial khol lou ding hi. India in “free economy” um lou a “political freedom” a tup pen hun peisa a i silbawl khel pen khat ahi. Burma in zong “free economy” nual in, socialism toh khantou ana tum a, hinanleh dictatorship amu law giap hi. Burmese socialist lamkai te’n miteng kiliangkim ding dei ua, a tawp ah miteng ki-ehbat phial hi (equality in poverty). Lord Acton in hichi’n agen hi, “The finest opportunity ever given to the world was thrown away because the passion for equality made vain the hope for freedom”. Burma a kiliang kim ding dei seng man in sumsin mi hausa-te a gawt ua, a sum (currency) bang a shi sah ngai hial uhi. India in zong Indira Gandhi hun apat socialism na uang bawl a, Emergency hun 1975-77 sung in dictatorship na kichiam kha man hi. Socialism nuai ah, miteng in solkar sepna sui a, solkar pen bangkim bawl thei Pasian bang in ngaisun uhi. Tuaziah in khantouna pen solkar mopuahna a suah a, hinanleh socialism leh corruption nupa kikhen thei lou ahi zel hi. Tami ziah in miteng solkar tung ah lungkim lou a, koima’n nasep ding don ta lou in, kum tungtawn in a kiphinphin mai uhi. New Delhi phualpi solkar in kum teng in sum tamsem hing pia a, gam gasuah um lou a sum maimai a tam chiang in van man a tam sah giap hi. Tami in koima noptuamna pethei lou hi.

Khovel khangthu ah “socialist” gam hausa kithei ngei nailou a, hinanleh “market economy” zui gam zawng zong um lou hi. Japan-te Shinto biahna ziah a hausa ahilou bang un, USA te Christian sakhua ziah a hausa hi lou uhi. Assam a American Baptist missionary te’n tami “market exchange” poimo dan ana thei siam ua, tami ngaidan tualsung khristian te theisiam sah a ut uhi. !886 a Jubilee khawmpi (Nowgong) Rev. A.K. Gurney in hichi’n ana gen hi:

Do not make presents to them just because they are Christians, on the contrary make as few presents as possible and those only for services rendered … Do not change the temporal conditions of converts on their becoming Christians. Do not give them a greater income than they had as heathen unless they prove themselves worthy of it by improved skill.

(Khristian a suah ziah maimai un silthawn piah pe sin len, na sil piahte aman nei leh sepgim ga hi zaw hen … Khristian a suah ziah un a khosahdan uh heng sin. Siamna kibelap a mimal chitna anei lou ngal uleh, lawki ahi lai sang ua income tam zaw pe sin).

Assam mite’n khristian suah ziah a Pasian gualzawlna dong mai ding a lamet khah ding uh American missionary te’n a zau uhi. Tuamabang in, Arab Emirates te Islam ziah a hausa ahilou bang un, Western Europe zong biahna kivaat (secularism) ziah a hausa hituan lou hi. Hinanleh gam hausa teng in “free market” umdan a theisiam ua, zong a gingta uhi. Tumlam gamte Market Economy pantu ahia, suahlam gam ah Japan in market model zang masa pen hi. Tuaban ah, Singapore, Hongkong leh Taiwan in a zom ngal hi. North Korea in kiliang kim ding deina in socialist model a zui a, South Korea in Japan enton in market model a zui hi. North Korea te’n bomb chi lou bang ma nei lou ua, South Korea te’n bomb chilou bangkim phial nei uhi. Khovel ah socialism leh Marxism zui gam-te koima a loching um ngai himhim lou hi – Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, Burma leh India. Market Model zui zousia gam hausa suah bei phial uhi – Western Europe, USA, Canada, Australia, Japan, South Korea, Hongkong, Singapore, etc. China in 1978 kum in socialist model taisan in, market reform ana pan ta ua, tu’n khovel a economic boom thupi pen ahi. Maban ah, China chilou USA dem zou ding um lou hi. Tunai seminar ka telna khat ah, Dr. Stuart Corbridge in hichi’n agen hi: “Capitalism is the best machine ever invented by humanity to produce economic growth”. Karl Marx nasan in tami nial thei di’n ka gingta sih hi. Hinanleh India a communist te’n pen nial teitei maithei.

Mul-lit sasa in, India in zong 1991 in market reform bawl pan a, tuazou sawt lou in i economy ahing dingdoh liliai hi. Communist leh Left politics ziah in India ah Reform in masawn thei lou a, i khan ding bang in kikhang thei lou hi. Hinanleh Reform apat Private Sector-te (adiah in IT, telecom leh airlines ah) zaleenna tamsem kipia a, licence Raj awlawl in kisubei hi. Nidang in solkar licence um lou in bangma kibawl thei lou a, solkar licence muna di’n golguh (bribe) poimo a, tuazia in miteng in solkar sepna adei uhi. Bollywood film minthang Guru in tami “license-permit Raj” umdan kichian tah in a hilchian a, Northeast India a i lamkai neta leh babu te’n a etchiat ding uh deihuai hi.

Tami “socialist system” ahileh “market mechanism” melma lian pen ahi. Socialist sokar te’n athudan in bangkim mipi hoina (“public welfare”) din sem ua, capitalist solkar in bangkim mimal metna (consumers & entrepreneurs) din sem hi. Licence Raj in mimal supna leh golguhna tawisang a, muthei lou mipi hoina ding maimai dei hi. Hinanleh market model in mimal consumer-te hausa sah tum a, atawp ah miteng hausa asuah hi. Aziah pen, “Consumer is king” chi market economy gindan ahi. Socialist solkar pen “Garibi hatao” (Remove Poverty) chi slogan toh mizawng-te hoina (welfare) ding paulap a kibawl ahia – athudan in; hinanleh atahtah in solkar nasemte maimai in phattuam pi hi. Mimal consumer-te’n bangkim mantam tah leh quality hoilou tawp leina dia’ licence ngah in a kigual nainai uhi. Market economy in zawnna suhbeina di’n slogan sam sese lou hi. Hinanleh market model in miteng consumer hausa suahsah sawm hi, aziah pen consumer te’n sum ahau semsem leh market lian semsem, sumsinna met deudeu ahiman in. Tami pen “market mechanism” kichi a, politician-te sanction leh quota dan a vote leina dia hawm thei hilou hi.

Rajiv Gandhi gendan in, Delhi apat Re.1 kipia pen a tupna mun atung chiang in 4 paisa maimai pha hi. Lamkal ah 94 paisa teng corruption in thel thang zel hi. Tami pen khovel mundang Africa, Asia leh Eastern Europe a socialist gamte dinmun zong ahi veve hi. New Delhi apat sum kihawm te India mipi tax-payer te apat solkar in a kaikhawm ahi. Market Economy dihtah ah tami tax-te pen Delhi a kaikhawm a, nua hawm sese ngai lou hi. Competition in tax-payer te sum pen manpha tah a sumsinna (productive investment) din Private Investor te’n a veipung uhi. Tunai a IT, Telecom leh low-cost airline a i bawl bang a, Private Investor te sil dangdang – post office, banking, construction, education, tourism leh SEZ, etc. – a zong i chial lut poimo hi. Adiah a Post Office leh State Bank of India in Manipur a customer te a musitdan bang i ngaisut leh, private competition dei bang a lut ding kiphal lou ziah ahi zaw hi. Hinanleh market competition in hausatna piang sah a, van man kiam sah a, sepna tampi piang sah a, halaw pungsah hi. Tuachin, khantouna engine ama leh ama thu in taisah hi.

Free Economy ah, solkar kihem mang a, mimal chin in zalen tah in sumsinna leh nehsuina a nei theina dia kisam Reform kibawl masa hi. Hun teng a “solkar license” ngen a koima golguh ngai non lou a, koima custom & excise officer chite zau ding um lou hi. “Solkar apat a thawn in bang ka mu thei diai?” chi lungsim koima’n nei lou hi. Michi’n in, “Sum met (profit) tam thei bawl in, ka nam adi’n bang ka pethei diai?” chi lungsim nei uhi. Scottish economist minthang, Adam Smith in Market Economy umdan dihtah hichin agen hi:

It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our own necessities but of their advantages. Nobody but a beggar chooses to depend chiefly upon the benevolence of his fellow citizens (Vol. I, p. 16).

(Sa that te, zu huante, ahilouleh sangh bawlte hoi-le-phat ziah hilou in, amau meetna ding a khual ziah ua nitah ann neh ding kinem i hi zaw uhi. Mihing hoina ding khualna hilou in, amau angsung a khualna uh i genpi uhi, tualeh ei poimona sang in amau meetna ding thu i genpi zaw uhi. Khutdaw i hilou ngal leh midang tung a athawn a neh ding um lou hi).

Hichi bang lungsim nei lei, phualpi solkar apat khut dawdaw ngai lou a, i gamsung a Private Investmet te hing lutna dia kot (door) lianpi hong lel ding ahi. I khutdaw lungsim – “begging bowl syndrome”suhbei a, i gam hausatna khovel a zua (market) ding dan buaipi hun ahi. “Zogam genthei liangvai, India in a muda, Meitei te’n a ning bawl, Mizo te’n a kilepsan” chi’a kingaisiatna ding hun um non lou hi. Zogam a sumsinna hun lemtang (opportunity) umte khovel mundang a Investor theisah a, chial lut ding ahi zaw hi. Ei hamphat ding dan gengen lei koima Investor-te sum mu ding um lou a, hinanleh amau hamphat ding dan gen lei i gam ah midang sumpi leh siamna hing luanglut pan ding hi. Tua lungsim nei lei, koima minam khen lou in, sumsin mite (entrepreneurs) i gam ah kichial lut tho ta dia, koi man pulam mi poupou pawng muda non lou ding hi. Hichi bang Free Economy ah gam it kichi’a thautawite a zatna ding tawm mama hi. Tualeh khantouna dei kichi ngal a, bandh bawlbawl mai a, mipi vante su siasia mai chi bang um thei non lou ding hi. Market economy gingta te’n buaina (problem) tengteng in damdawi (solution) nei hi, chi a gingta uhi. Free Market lungsim nei te’n khovel apat Inner Line chite toh kihumbit den sawm non lou ding ua, British gamkehte “colonial relic” ahi dan mu chian ta ding uhi. Hichi bang lungsim i nei chiang in, midang te melma bang in ki-en non lou dia, mi teng customer leh consumer suah thei ahidan kithei ta ding hi. Tualeh pulam mite bang thau toh kigal gihgih non lou dia, amau apat siamna (skills) zil thei ding i neite kisin sawm zaw ding hi. I gam ah sum nei investor, tourist leh journalist chite tam sem ahing lutna din zindou siam dan “training course” bang kizil ta ding hi.

Nehsuina kawng a Free Market um lou in, koi man’n kivaihawmna politics ah zong Open Society sawt nei thei lou ding uhi. Tuni tan in, Northeast singtangmi te’n paulap tuamtuam (culture, identity, tribe, ethnicity, patriotism, etc.) pansan in Free Market ngaidan doudal zing uhi. Zong ngaisah leh ngei ngat nai lou uh abang hi. Nidang lai 1991 Reform ma dan in lung gelgel na lai uhi. Tulai a South India te khantouna bulpi Private Investment ahia, phualpi solkar toh kisai kha non lou hi. Hinanleh ei Manipur mite’n Planning Commission a khutdaw ding chi lou ngaidan dang kinei seng lou abang hi. Maban a Planning Commission phiat mang ding moh? chi mite houlimna ahi lai a, en tuami maimai i pibawl pen pilhuai non lou leh kilawm!

Gam liangvai South Korea dindohna (Rags to Riches)

Tulai eimi Japan, South Korea leh gam dangdang a sum thalaw leh khualzin hunkhop i um uhi. Amau apat tami East Asia gamte changkan dan report i za gige uhi. Amau-te Pasian in a gualzawl chidin lah, Japan bang khristian gam zong ahi sam sih hi. Eite’n gam khantouna pen Pasian gualzawlna a kinga dan in i gen zel ua, tami pen thudih chanve ahi giap hi. South Korea mite Japan vaihawmna nuai ah hun sawtpi na um ua, 1960s lai vel in khovel a gam zawng pen khat ahi. India gam gen lou, Africa leh Burma te sang a zong genthei leh chimaw zaw uhi. North Korea te “mineral resource” bang South Korea in bangma leitang hausatna zong anei sih hi. 1961 kum a Korea te per capita income ahileh US$ 82 maimai ahi a, pawltah tan dai ding anneh zong anei zou sih uhi. Hinanleh tuni’a a per capita income uh ahileh US$ 15,840 tah ahia, India a sang in 22 vei in a tamzaw ta hi. Tami “economic miracle” bang chi dan a hing piang ahiai? Eite adin zil thei a um diai?

S. Korea, Taiwan leh Japan i chite leitang hausatna kivat (resource-poor) gam ngen ahi uhi. Adiah in Hongkong leh Singapore bang in leitang hausatna gen lou, louhaw theina ding gam leitang himhim zong nei lou uhi. Atom a gen in, agriculture nei lou economy hausa ahi mai uhi.

Gam gasuah (natural resource) a tahsap ziah tah un, tami South East Asia gam te’n a gamsung mihing (human resource) uh kisinsahna hoi leh education hoi tah a pia uhi. Adiah in S. Korea te’n education ah sum a tam seng uhi. Tami ziah in siamna leh pilna nei a nasep-tu (labour force) hoi tah anei uhi. Tualeh a poimo khat ahileh, “labour union” ahi thei tan in solkar in a kham a, strike leh bandh in hun tampi sumang lou uhi. Gen dan tuam in gen lei, khantouna dia kisam a “productivity” uh koi ma’n subuai lou hi. S.Korea a “labour union” tunai a hing um pan ahia, nidang economic growth hoi tah anei lai un union haat um lou hi. India ahileh khovel a labour union hat mama gam khat ahia, adiah in West Bengal a huaise mama a kingai sun ahi. Labour union haat na mun ah bandh leh strike uang a, gam khantouna nasatah in a daal hi. Ei Manipur te’n zong i inn veng Bengal te a ginat louna lai tah uh ki-enton sese hileh a kilawm hi.

Inn sung hamsa tah leh khota neu khat a piang Buddhist sakhua zui, lamkaipa Park Chung Hee in 1961 in South Korea ah Economic Reform ana pan hi. Gilkialna thuah sa ahiziah in, General Park in S. Korea te President ahi nua in hichin agen hi, “I cannot think of anything else that would make me more miserable than to be hungry”. Ama’n a gam ua corruption nasatah a doudal ban ah, Japan te market economy enton in, Japanese investor zaibatsu kichite sumpi toh export industry bul ana pan hi. Aman labour union, strike leh kiphinna khat poupou a kham a, Korea mite sumsin din a hanthawn a, Korea a sumsin “entrepreneur” te bank loan kiman tah in leitawi sah hi. Awlawl in “Korea, Inc.” kichi business innkuan hausa (business conglomerate), Korea ham a chaebol ahing piangkhia hi. Tami chaebol lah a khovel in a theiphah te ahileh Daewoo, Hyundai, Samsung leh Lucky-Gold Star chite ahi uhi.

President Park pen mi pil-leh-siam talua hilou maleh, tupna leh deina kichian (political will) anei ziah in khovel in a ngaisang hi. Ama’n S.Korea President apan ni apat, louhaw nehsuina Korea pen “industrial economy” suahsah a tum hi. Ei Manipur a MLA te nehtawm politics ah buai seng ua, “ministerial portfolio” hawmna in a hun kim khat bang subei uhi. Aban ah unau Naga-te politics in i lamkai-te aapi lungvai bang in kipei sah a (distraction), koiman khantouna thu, investment leh industrial policy adin hun nei lou hileh a kilawm hi. Unau Meite lam te’n lah “territorial intergrity” maimai buai pi ua, mipi te lah kum khotawn a “bandh” bawl in thamang uhi. Hichi tuh a ei-le-ei kigawt himalei, talent nei mimal khen khat ziah in i gam in masawn nimnem nalai hi.

Maban Damna di’a Damdoi Kha (Bitter Pills to Chew)

Zodawn a zawnna bulpi pen khat ahileh Land Reforms um lou ziah leh singtang lou haw ziah ahi. Mimal a gam nei (private property) poimaw masa hi. Mimal a gam i nei matan Zogam neitu um lou china ahi. Hausa title subei sese lou a, Zogam mimal khut a neitu hina um theina dia Land Reform bawl thei ahi. Britain ah zong Leeng hina subei sese lou in, gam pen private property suah thei thou hi. Singtang gam a land reserve khenkhat nei pen a siatna um lou hi. Hinanleh khopi sung (urban area) ah mimal a gamnei pen a lou thei lou ahi. Pulammi (non-tribal) te zong industry leh business toh kisai ahi phot leh “land right” piah ngam poimo ka sa hi.

Nam teng, ham teng leh sakhona teng kigawm khawm lou a khopi lian nei dan ding um thei himhim lou hi. Tami toh kisai in, etsahna khenkhat i gen ding hi. Delhi, Mumbai, leh Bangalore chivel a thupi na ahileh a gam neitu sang a pulam mi a tam zawh ziah ahi. A gam neitu tahtah chi ding zong um thei lou pial hi. Ei Northeast ah Tripura a “tribal” mi sang a Bengali immigrant te tam zaw chi paulap a pulammi mudana (xenophobia) siamtan sawm Northeast singnuaimi khenkhat a um hi. Hinanleh Tripura case ahileh 1947 a Partition of India toh kisai ahia, immigration policy adia zatthei hilou hi. Tami umdan theisiamna din, a “historical background” themkhat gen a poimo hi. 1947 Partition in Hindu tampi teenna Chakla Roshanabad mun East Pakistan (Bangladesh) in a huam ta a, tuaziah in Bengali Hindu tampi India (Tripura) ah ana peemlut uhi. Chakla Roshanabad mite’n Tripura raja te toh kizopna (historical ties) ana nei gige ua, Mughal te hun tan in Tripura raja te khut nuai ah na um uhi. Tuaziah in 1947 Partition a Hindu Bengali tampi Tripura a ana peem lut uh pen sil lamdang ta lua hilou ahi (Roy 2003). Tulai in Bengali peem tha leh Tripuri teenglui kigawm khangtha te Natun (new) Tripuri a kichi uhi. Bengali immigrant te ziah in political problem um maleh, Tripura in siamsinna leh sumsinna ah masawnna tampi amu belap uhi. Etsahna din, Northeast a literacy rate sanna penpen khat ahileh Tripura (73%) ahi – Mizoram (88%) ban chet ahi pai hi. Tualeh, immigration umlou na Northeast state dang ah zong political problem a um thou hi. Tripura-te bang a Partition lai bang a immigrant thakhat a ahing lut ding pen dei huai chet lou maithei hi. Hinanleh business investor te ahilou leh pilna-siamna nei pulammi i gam a hiiplut (attract) ding pen bangchi lai pou a sil deihuai ahi.

Ei Manipur ah zong minam tampi teen khawmna CCpur pen Tangkhual te maimai teenna Ukhrul sang a khopi piching zaw asuah hi. Adih tah in, Ukhrul pen Lamka sang a kum 35 vel a khaw upa zaw ahia, 1895 in William Pettigrew in mission sekul ana hong zou ta hi. Hinanleh Lamka in khantouna lam ah Ukhrul pen 1970s lai vel apat bangkim ah ana makhel zou ta hi. Genbe lei, unau Thadou tampi umna, Moreh bang zong Tamil sumsin mite ziah in piching tuam mama hi. Singngat zong Mizoram buai lai a unau Dapzar te hing pemlut ziah in khota piching asuah thei hi. Imphal zong nidang Meitei leeng te’n Bengal apat mi khutsiam mama Pangal te ana teensah ua pat piching ahi zaw uhi. 1947 zou in ei singtangmi lah a apil-asiam teng ava pemlut belap nalai ua, Imphal phungvuah kisuah hi. Hinanleh Manipur khopi kumlui pen Moirang – tangthu a Khamba Thoibi te vangkhua – bang Meitei te maimai a teen ziah un tuni tan in khan belap thei lou hi. Zomi-Kuki 1997-98 buai lai a eimi khen khat Moirang ava gal tai sung un inn sap, lou sap leh sunsinna lam ah na luun man dehtah hi. Hinanleh kilemna a um phet in Lamka ah galtai teng a kinuale kia ua, Moirang pen a ngaingai asuah kia ta hi. I gen ut pen ahileh, i gam a kol-le-vai, mivon-mikang sumsin ut a um leh zauthong ding hilou in, kipahpi ding ahi. UK leh USA gamte khantouna thuguh khat ahileh gam dang apat mipil leh misiam peem lut (immigrant) tampi anei ziah uh ahi. World War I tan in USA ah ut dandan a pemlut thei nalai ahia, tumi zou apat kot awlawl in a khah uhi. Hinanleh tuni chiang in zong gamdang apat mi pemlut (immigrant) um lou in American economy maban limchi lou ding hi. Tuaziah in, USA pen “nation of immigrants” a kichi a, tami umdan the Statue of Liberty tung ah midang peemlut di’a chialna hichi’n kigelh hial hi:

Give me your tired, your poor,

Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,

The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.

Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me:

I lift my lamp beside the golden door (see Friedman 1990).

Tu dinmun ah, hausa te’n gam lianpipi nei ua, hinanleh solkar office ah “sanction” sui a khutdaw in vah uhi. Gam leitang pen manphatah (productive) a zat ahilouleh khantouna piang thei lou ding hi. Zawnna suhbeina dia galvan hoi pen ahileh “productivity” kichi sumpi, leitang leh mihing manpha tah a zatna ahi. Khantouna pen sum, saction, quota leh bandh chite toh mu thei hilou hi.

Tualeh private property um lou in productivity um thei lou hi. Private property mihing in anei thei lou na mun ah mihing in taimatna leh kilawpna tahtah kivaat ding hi. Mimal a gam i nei chiang in tua gambeh pen nei dandan in kipua ding a, i hun leh sum zong “invest” kibawl pan ding hi. Tami din singtang gam a Land Right toh kisai dan siamtha ngai ding hi. Peru gammi Hernando de Soto in a laibu, The Mystery of Capital (2001) ah gam hausatna di’a sumpi (capital) poimo dan a gen a, tualeh mimal a gam neitu hina (land right & titled asset) khu “capital” hing kipatna bulpi ahidan a tahlang hi. Hernando in ganhing ui-te (dogs) nasan in apute gam nei zat leh “private property” thei hileh kilawm hi, achi hi. Apute gam huam (land title) sung a i lutkhah leh ahing kawh (bark) pai ua, a “land right” kithei maw bawl gual ahi sih hi, achi hi. Tuaziah in mimal gam i nei lou leh, i Zogam pen sumpi shi (dead capital) suah a, zatthei manthei (liquid capital) hithei lou ding hi. Tuami Market Ideology pen mihing lungsim psychology thuhtah theisiamna apat hing piang ahi zaw hi. Tuni tan in i solkar leh society in socialism amah, nam-itna amah pansan in tami mihing lungsim a um “profit motive” a subei sawm uhi. Tami in i gam ah productivity subei a, corruption piangsah zaw hi.

Nidang Soviet Union ah zong Lenin in “collective farm” ana bawl a, tomkhat sung a khangtou pialpial sam uhi – 1970s vel in. Hinanleh mimal a gamnei “private property” um lou ziah in, atawp ah koima’n kilawpna (incentive) a nei non ta sih hi. Kilawpna um louna mun ah ngaidan tha (innovation) piang thei lou a, tami in economic productivity a dal hi. Tham lou in, miteng in solkar pen anpang dan in ngaisun ta ua, tuachi’n corruption in Soviet society asung lam apat a netum dildel hi. 1991 a Soviet te puahsiatna pen US te ziah hilai zang lou in, socialist system losap ziah ahi. Alang khat lam ah, Western Europe ah zong socialist ngaidan toh kituah in “social security” leh “welfare state” um tham hi. Hinanleh tampi “welfare state” nei theina di’n sum tampi leh tax tampi ngai a, tampi sum pen capitalist profit leh free markat apat ahing piankhiat ngai hi. Indira Gandhi in profit suidan thei lou pi in, sorkal nasepte “bonus” vel ana pia a, tax payer te sum toh vote ana sui hi. Tami ahi socialist system hoi lou na. Miteng in solkar kham adei leh koi in sumsin ta ding, foreign exchange hei apat hing luanglut ding? chi beidot huai hi. F.A. Hayek in tami socialist lampi pen The Road to Serfdom (1944) ana chi hi. I gam lamkai zousia in tami laibu a simdin dei huai hi. Hayek in hichi’n agen hi:

While the younger generation, out of that contempt for profit-making fostered by socialist teaching, spurned independent positions which involved risk, and flocked in ever-increasing numbers into salaried positions which promised security, they demanded a place yielding them the income and power to which in their opinion their training entitled them (Hayek 1944: 121-22).

Tami bang socialist mentality in “dependency mentality” piangsah ding a, khang lai te pen job-creator sang in job-seeker suah ding uhi. Tami in miteng lungsim ah helna piangsah dia, “social unrest” tun ding ahi dan Hayek in 1944 in Soviet context ah ana gen zou ta hi. India a Nehru in Soviet-te socialist experiment a etton lai in, Prof. Hayek in USSR te puasiat (collapse) ding ana mu kilkel hi. Tami 1991 in a tangtung a, USSR a shi ta hi. Tuami kum in India zong chiimzah ding kisa a, i forex uh US$ 1 bn. maimai a pha hi. India solkar deficit hithet a, a sumbawm khali top mai hi. Tuachi’n Dr. Manmohan in socialist India chipzah ding zau in Market Reform ma ana pan a, tu’n India in foreign exchange US$ 200 bn. val kinei man a, infrastructure project tuamtuam bawlna ding sum kinei pan ta hi. Tulai ei Manipur context toh Hayek thugen te a kituahna tampi um in ka thei hi. Manipur a zong protection leh solkar sepna tampi suhbei a, private investment i luanlut sah lou leh maban bing mama hi. Tu’n zong social unrest leh political crisis nasatah um zou ta hi. Socialist solkar in sepna a piah ding hilou in, miteng entrepreneur di’a kisinsah ding poimo dan ahi. Solkar sepna a miteng a kingah chiang a political problem umte Prof. Hayek in hichi’n agen hi:

In such a state of affairs, eveybody will rightly feel that he is worse off than he might be if some other plan had been adopted, and that it is the decision and the might of the dominant powers which have condemned him to a place less favourable than he thinks is due to him. To attempt such a thing in a region peopled by small nations, each of which believes equally fervently in its own superiority over the others, is to undertake a task which can be performed only by the use of force (Hayek 1944: 233).

Market economy ah koima sorkar sepna ah kingai lou hi. Aziah pen solkar sepna atam leh license leh permit tampi muna dia “bribe” bawl ngai a, Percentage Raj i chi uh hing dingdoh mai hi. Free market a etton ding “model citizen” ahileh politican leh burearucrat te hilou in, sumsinmi (entrepreneur) te leh innovator-te (siltha siamte) ahi uhi. Sumsin leh siamsin maimai a siltha siam thei hilou a, vohkhawi, louhaw, music, sammet, bu-le-meh huan maimai a zong siltha siamtu (innovator) suah thei ahi. Tami Free Market economy hatnaa thuguh ahi mai hi. Bill Gates i chi-te lawi India ah piang kha hileh LDC zong gelh doh zou lou mai thei ding uhi. Aziah pen laisiam seng hilou hi. Hinanleh Free Market ah tam bang siltha siamtu (innovator) te pallun theina din bouruak kibawl masa hi. Solkar leh bureaucrat te ngaisutna in a batpha lou sepna (job creation) tampi Microsoft ah a bawl khia hi.

Tunai in Moreh leh Lamka khopi ah hausa tampi “village status” ngen in a kiphin ua, zong a loching uhi. I khopi te’n urban facility tuamtuam a poimo lai a, bang dia “village” ding ut i diai? chi lungdon um hi. Aziah ahileh solkar sanction JRY dei ziah leh pulam mi apat gam humbit (protectionist) ut ziah ahi pen hi. Tulai global economy ah, i gam pen hausa-te adia humbit den sang in, investor te adia honkhiat (opening) leh khantou sah a, sepna tampi (job creation) siam ding kisam zaw hi. Tukhang ah, gam humbitna sang in gam khantouna i poimo zaw ta uhi. India a kum tampi journalist nasep sa Edward Luce thugen khat ka phoh hi. Aman a laibu Inspite of the Gods: The Strange Rise of India (2006) ah India in “urbanization” toh kisai a China aphah zou lou ziah khat ahileh India lamkai tampi in khota hinkhua Gandhi dan a atawi sang seng ziah uh hidin a gingta hi. Luce gendan in,

Perhaps the biggest mental hurdle … is the Indian elite’s continuing love affair with the village … Gandhianism in today’s India is an orphan … But as a social attitude his view of the village lives on notably in much of India’s civil service; it can be heard coming from the mouth of many of India’s senior diplomats and judges, and it is still mainstream among India’s non-governmental organization … (Luce 2006: 41).

India in khota neu 5.5 lakh tah anei a, khopi a teng mihing 27% maimai pha hi (2001 census). Khota neu a kumkhat an kham ding maimai lou hou a buai sang in, khopi sung ah Industry piching leh mikim adia sepna hoi zaw um leh hoi zaw ding hi. Tualeh khota neu apat khopi a mi ahing peem lou leh khopi khan belap thei lou ding hi. Louhaw pen “mechinised” hileh miteng neh val ding mi tawm nou khat in awlsam tah a bu-le-baal nehseng lou piangsah ding uhi. Tu’n Indian population 60% tah louhaw a nehsui ahi ua, amaute khota apat khopi sung a tam zaw alut theina ding ua, sepna hoi huntawh leh urban infrastructure kining ching poimo zel hi. Inn lam context in genlei, Lamka, Moreh leh Singngat chite bang in investment nasatah kisam uhi. Khota neu zouzai a them nounou a sum-le-pai thezah sang in, urban centre tawm nou khat a sum-le-pai sen ding policy pil huai zaw hileh a kilawm hi. Tulai market economy ah, mihing inn zakhat zani teenna khota neu a solkar leh private investment mu ding kinepna tawm deudeu hi.

I gam a khantou lou a, i gam a sepna a umlou leh, i Zogam taisan ngai thouthou dia, “economic migrant” kisuah bei ding hi. Khanglai laisiam te adin zodawn ah sepna mumal um lou a, khopi sung a pemlut khu zawnna apat suahtatna um sun asuah hi. Migam a sepna sui a ui-mo gam phu bang a peem sang in, midang (investor) te i Zogam ah lutsah in, sepna siamkhe sah lei hoi zaw lou ding amah? Mi i gam a hing lut ding i dei lou leh, ei midang gam a i va luut ngai zel ding hi. Inn mun ah economy hoi hen la, sepna leh hasum hoi huntawh um leh gamdang a eimi umte zong hing kilekia ding uhi. Gam kilawm leh khohun noptah nei i hia, Inner Line leh Rescricted Area Permit chite vel subei lei “tourist industry” maimai a zong mi tampi in sepna mu thei ahi.

Manipur nehsuina a “productivity” niam pen leh zawnna kokhuh ahileh agriculture ahia, tualeh singtang louhaw sang in phai lohaw (paddy) ah “productivity” sang zaw hi. Phai lohaw zong van guatui (monsoon) a kinga lou a, tuilam (irrigation) hoitah neite’n double cropping toh a hipni in bu piangsah uhi. I Zogam leitang apat hausat theina din singtang lohaw sang in horticulture (theino suan), floriculture (pah huan) leh apiculture (khuai khawi) chite uang bawl ngai hi. Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR) te suikhiat dan in, “The eight northeastern states have one of the most ideal climates for commercial cultivation of floricultural crops”. Tami di’n “land right” siamtha ngai a, mimal a gam nei poimo hi. Tua ahilou leh hausate toh gamthu a khonung buai ding huphulna ziah in koi ma’n singnou-theinou suanna in sum seng ut lou ding hi. Tuachin i gam ah agro-based industry leh food-processing industry chite hing piang ding a, agriculture ah zong “productivity” hing khang ta ding hi. Tami din solkar sumpi ban ah, private investment nasatah kisam hi. Hinanleh hausa in gam a nei a, mimal in “land right” a nei lou leh, koima’n gam itna ziah maimai in hun leh sum seng (invest) ngei lou ding hi. Tam dan a nehsuina lochinna din, lampi hoi (highway) zong kisam a, tami pen MLA nasep ding dan ahi. Mipi zong sanction leh puansan themthem toh a lungkim laisia MLA te’n zong khantouna zungpi (infrastructure) te seplou a negu tum ding uhi. Mipi ngaidan (public opinion) changkang neina din literacy rate hoi tah (90% tan teitei) nei kisam zel hi.

Manipur a agriculture leh industry pichin lou ziah in, miteng in solkar service a dei hi. Solkar sepna pen semlou a sum muna (sitting-and-eating job) dan in kingaisun zel hi. Tami in minam hausa suah theina di’a kisam thupi pen Work Ethics thatlum a, solkar sepna pen corruption hima ziah in gimse mama a, koima’n thuah zou non lou hi. Tualeh solkar sepna pen politician-te kimawlna ahia, vote suina di’n quota politics a bawl uhi. Hichibang politics in i minam “talent” nuaimang a, michi’n a tuantual pen hina di’a kidem din ahing hanthawn zaw hi. 1950 Supreme Court thukhenna khat in OBC quota toh kisai hichi’n ana gen hial hi: “Nowhere else in the world is there competition to assert backwardness and then to claim we are more backward than you.” Ei Manipur ah zong, tunai in Pangal-te “backward” kichi ding ut in kiphin in, bandh bang a bawl uhi. Meitei-te bang zong maban ah “backward” ahilouleh “tribal” hiding ut a akiphinna ding uh nai lam hi. Hichibang “tribal”, BPL leh “backward” chi’a bawltawm politics in tomkhat dai ding hamphatna hing tun maleh, hun saupi et in i mimal leh minam lunggeldan (psyche) nasatah in susia hi. Tami in khutdaw lungsim – dependency culture – piang sah a, i mimal leh minam kimuanna (capability) awlawl in thatlum hi.

Bang teng hileh i gam a Industry (agro-based, tourism, construction, etc.) chite a pichin lou leh mikim adin sepna gina piang thei lou ding hi. Solkar in socialist-style industry 1970s lai a ana bawlte, a model himhim dih lou ahiziah in corruption in netum bei ta hi. 1991 Reform apat Northeast a private investment lutna din kot kihong pan a, Indian company tampi zong hing lut ut tham hi. Hinanleh Dr. Gulshan Sachdeva in hichi’n agen hi, “Indian industry is willing to move into the North-East provided attitudes toward business (read outsiders) changed”. Singtang mite’n pulammi sumnei Investor-te leh Industry pantu dingte zau ua, muda ua, hawl mang zel uhi.

Tulai khovel sumsinna (global economy) ah koima toh kidawl lou a, eima keng a ding liuliau chi “Swadeshi” (autarchy) ngaidan in mun nei non lou hi. India in 1947 apat kum 50 phial “self-sufficiency” na tum a, hinanleh zawnna a lawtah hi. Free Market um theina dia poimo pen khat ahileh midang, namdang leh gamdang toh sumdawn theina (free trade) dia lampi leh kot lianpi hon masat ding ahi. Nehru hun lai a Indian nationalist te’n imperialism leh capitalism khenthei lou ua, a kibang na sa kha uhi. British te hun lai a “inferiority complex” a nei ziah un, khovel apat ei-le-ei kot kikhah khum in profit, market, competition leh free trade himhim umlouna “socialist paradise” a nasep lou a solkar toh bupang kitan ding na sawm uhi. Mani keng a ding “autarkic swadeshi” pen Freedom Struggle lai adi’n political rhetoric hoi mama hinanleh, gamsung khat kivaihawm na dia tami “fortress mentality” a kizat chiang in khantouna ding dan um thei lou hi.

Khantouna di’n Agriculture, Industry leh Service a nehsuina chi thum a pichin ngai hi. Tami teng lah ah Industry a khantouna a poimo masa pen ahi. Ei Manipur ah Industry pen pulam investor-te i muda ziah in hing lut ngam lou a, Agriculture pen i gam i it seeng ziah in mimal a neiding kiphal lou ziah in tuantual a, tuaziah in solkar sepna (Service) tawm nou khat um sunsun te kitu in ei leh ei economic blocade i kibawl khum zing uhi. Economic blocade i bawl teng in vanman i khang sah maimai a, i gam a sumsinmi (entrepreneur) um sunsun te metna ding “profit” i kiam sah uhi. Atawp ah, ei leh ei kigawt i suah lel uhi. I ngaidan lui “socialist mentality” tai san a, Market Approach i kisin mateng i gam ah agriculture, industry leh service a nehsuina piching piang thei lou ding hi. Tualeh Manipur bang ah, solkar budget tam zaw solkar nasepte halaw (salary) di’n kizang a, khantouna zungpi (infrastructure) adia sum kibihiahte nasan halaw di’n kipeimang gige hi. Sorkar sepna ahileh MLA te kimawlna leh golguhna thupi pen khat ahia, solkar sepna pun toh kituah in gam khantouna a niamkhiat hi. Kautilya in a laibu Arthashastra (The Science of Wealth) ah 250 BC lai vel in hichi’n ana gen ta hi: “Just as it is impossible to know when a swimming fish is drinking water, so it is impossible to find out when a government servant is stealing money”. Ahimhim in, solkar in sepna ahing piah ding chi ngaidan pen i “socialst lungsim” apat hing kipan ahi. Market economy ah, sepna pen solkar in “vote” suina dia ahing piah ding hilou in, entrepreneur ten “profit” suina dia ahing piah ding ahi zaw hi. Hinanleh i socialist lungsim un entrepreneur (job creator) te musit a, solkar sepna mu (job seeker) te maimai mi loching in ngaisun hi.

Tualeh i education system himhim zong Job Market poimona toh kituah a siamtha ngai hi. Solkar in private skul-te gawt bawl non lou a, zaleena tamsem a piah zawh ding ahi. India gen lou Tumlam Mikang gam ah zong solkar skul te’n private skul dem zou ngai himhim lou hi. I gam a solkar oja-te halaw di’a sum kiseng teng private oja-te hasum belapna ding, naupang-te scholarship ding leh BPL naupang-te Vocher Scheme din’ kizang leh kum 5 sung maimai in zong mitmu a kilamdanna um ding hi. Solkar in scholarship ahilou leh Education Voucher kining ching tah in pephot leh, private skul hoi tahtah zodawn tan ah zong tuition fee toh kitoudel zou ding uhi. Private skul hoi neina din oja hoi kisam a, sum um lou in oja hoi kiguai zou lou ding hi. Tuaziah in private skul-te dopkang na scholarship leh Voucher Scheme toh BPL naupang-te panpi kisam hi. Solkar skul ah oja-te halaw a hoi deudeu leh competition tawm deudeu a, naupang zong kiam deudeu hi. Solkar oja te’n zong atate uh “free” a solkar skul a kaisah sang in, private skul ma ah kaisah zaw uhi. Solkar nasemte zong nu-le-pa dinmun a adin chiang un, education consumer suah ua, consumer ten ama adia’ sil hoi pen thei talua uhi – “value for money” kichi tami ahi. Inn sung zawng tawp ten zong solkar skul a “free” a tate kaisah sang in, innkal tawi zen a private skul a tate kaisah hamham tum uhi. Tax-payer te sum manpha tah a zatding i deileh LP leh JB skul tam sem hon ding hilou in, tami inn sung hamsa te adia merit-cum-means scholarship leh Education Voucher kiningchiang tah siam ding ahi zaw hi. Tualeh mission sekul kisam seng lou khen khat bang kisubei hen la, Education Voucher (Scholarship) in kihawm leh aphatuam zaw diai? chi bang guntuh tah a ngaisun tham ahi. Gam khen khat (eg. Ireland, Chile, Sweden, US, etc.) ah tami system a loching a, ei gam a zong experiment bawl ding a lunggul huai hi.

Sokar skul ma i dei tinten lezong private skul dan a aki “manage” louleh competition piang thei lou ding hi. Private skul te’n “Perform or Perish!” chi peidan a zui ngai hi. Solkar skul ten pen sem leh sem sihleh zong halaw mu veve uhi. I skul leh college te’n zong solkar kham sem ding maimai leh text-bu “by heart” di’a kisinsah hun hinon lou hi. Tulai arts, science, commerce leh engineering certificate ziah a sepna kimu hizaw lou in, job market toh kituah “skills set” (English siamna, team work, presentation, writing skills, etc.) chite sepna mun a din poimo zaw ta hi. Tu dinmun a i secular graduate fel tawpte zong “entrepreneur” di’a sinsah hilou ua, solkar nasep ding ahilou vet leh “revolutionary” di’a sinsah ahi uhi. Thamlou, i khotang lamkaihna ah zong secular theina huaplian nei sang in Bible graduate kitam zaw phial hi. I khantouna a kiselbuh nai?

Gamlei leh Mihing Itna Nei lou Nam-itna

Khantouna mengmuna (vision) um lou pi’a gam it kichi te’n gamsung hausatna (huisiang, tuisiang, gamsa, zu-le-va) te zong it ngei lou ua, a gam mipite zong ngaidan themkhat kibat lou ziah in thautang in tha chimit sawm uhi. Hichibang a gam it kichi te’n a gamlei himhim itdan thei lou ua, a sung a mite zong it tuan sam lou uhi. Tunia Northeast khantouna daltu lian pen ahileh gam itna natna ahi. Ei Manipur sung a helna pantu NSCN leh PLA te bang zong socialist ngaidan leh gam itna apat na kipan ngen ahi. Unau Naga-te bang in khovel a buaina, natna, zawnna, mawlna leh siatna tengteng “politics” (adiah in “sovereignty”) toh suhdan theidin gingta maizen uhi. Politics chilou leh politics khel bangma muthei non lou uhi. Zalenna mu zou chiang a Naga Socialist Council phu ding, tuazou chiang a miteng ahing a vangam kai ding dandeu in hisap tazen uhi. Khovel ah socialist gam loching mu ding um lou hi. Socialism leh corruption kisamat dan manthei nai lou i hi diai? Latin America leh Africa a gam neu nounou, bangma economic base gina nei lou a political independence mute mite’n chiamnui na in “banana republic” achi zel uhi. “Banana” chi pen louhaw maimai a kivah minam genna ahia, “republic” pen eng houna toh“dictator” genna ahi. Khovel ah huahbu zang lou a nam itna (jingoism) ziah a “banana republic” suah gam neuneu tampi um a, tami gam minte koima’n zah leh chepte in nei seng lou hi. Ei Northeast a gamnuai mite bang zong a tupna uh tangtun ding hinep huai lou a, tangtung hita zenzen leh zong “banana republic” suah ding a maban uh ahi.

Dr. Samuel Johnson in, “The road to hell is paved with good intentions” (Meidil lampi ahileh kinepna toh kisial ahi) achi khu ei adi’n adih hi. Social policy pen atupna (intention) sang in a gasuah (outcome) apat thei ding ahi. Tupna hoi in gasua hoi lou piang sah thei ahidan thei masat poimo hi. Hinanleh mikim in tami um dan theisiam hamsa sa uhi. Socialism pen mimawl pen in zong theisiam pai a, hinanleh Free Market um dan theina din huahbu zat ngai hi. Tuazia ma a literacy rate leh general education sanna gam-te (eg. Western Europe leh North America) ah atangpi in Free Market kipom siam sese hi. Mi tangpi mawlna gam ah mipi vote khe dingte gen lou, politician te nasan in zong Free Market umdan mat hamsa asa uhi. Lungsim neem (soft heart) nei pen hoi a, hinanleh huahbu neem (soft brain) nei pen losap vai zel hi. Socialist-te buaina ahileh “soft heart” anei ua, “hard brain” anei sih uhi.

India a socialist leh communist te’n tupna hoi (good intension) anei uhi, mizawng te panpi ding, mihaute gawt ding. “Maoist” leh “Naxalite” te bang in mizawng-te mai hilou in, zawnna mama tawisang uhi – as if poverty is a virtue. Adih tah in, inn lam a khristian labu (hymnal) sung vel ah zong zawnna leh mawlna kitawi sanna (glorify) ban ah, mipil-misiam leh mihaute musitna ngaidan hunkhop um tham hi. Bang teng hileh, Socialist System in hauna dia kisam sumsinmi (entrepreneurs) leh sumneite “investors” te a muda zel hi. Entreprise culture leh investment um lou a gam sung bang chi hausat sah ding chi lungkham huai hi. Socialist-te hisap dan in solkar in mizawng-te neh leh dawn leh panpina (aid) a thawn a hawmhawm mai ding chi ahi. Tami solkar fund pen politician leh bureaucrat te gil sung ah lut lou hi ta himhim leh zong, a thawn a hawm ding sum hei apat hing piangpiang ding e? chi ahi zel hi. Tax payer te apat chi thei sa ahi. Mi sum a thawn a hawm ding um leh vang, koi solkar a ut lou a um diai. Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations ah hichi’n agen hi, “There is no art which one government sooner learns from another than that of draining mony from the pockets of the people” (p. 861).

Hinanleh sumpi, summet leh nampi hausatna (wealth of nation) pen politician te leh bureaucrat te apat piang thei hilou hi. Hausatna pen Free Market, investment, entrepreneurship, profit-making, innovation, competitiveness, productivity, incentive leh efficiency chite apat hing kipan ahi zaw hi. Solkar sepna mawh suh pung pen Percentage Raj leh Permit Raj phungvuana ahi lel hi. India apat economist minthang Jagdish Bhagwati in NGO “do-gooders” khenkhaat a mu in pawna seng a, hichi’n ana gen hial hi:

… economics is addressed heroically to showing how “man’s basest instincts,” not his noblest, can be harnessed through appropriate institutional design to produce public good. Adam Simth would surely have died an unsung hero if he had peddled the pedestrian argument that altruism led to public good (2004: 17).

(Ecnomics in hangsan tah a agen ut pen ahileh mihing lungsim hoina hilou in, “mihing huaihamna” pen a zatdan ding lampi i sial leh mipi hoina dia zatthei ahi. Adam Smith in chawmngaina in mipi hoina tun hi chi miteng in a theisa thu nagen khemkhem leh koima’n amin phokha non lou ding hi).

Ei te’n gam-itna chi lou bangma i ngaisah lou ziah in, i gam uh (jhum land) kumteng in mei in i haal tum ua, mual lukiau suah siang ta a, i vaphual leh gamsa ten hing mullit mama uhi. Gam-itna i chichi pen gam gawtna chi zaw ding dan hileh kilawm. Tuni’a i poimo gam-itna leh gamvah sang in “khantouna huapzou” (inclusive growth) ahi. I mi-isa a pil deu, aham thei deu, aneizou deu te lah kaplup ding maimai in ki-enla zel hi.

Tunai a Manipur a khantouna um mobile phone (Aircel leh Airtel) bang Zogam itna leh India itna ziah a hing lut hilou uhi. Gam itna toh i MLA-te sai ding hileh kum 30 in zong sai doh lou ding uhi. Hinanleh “private profit motive” in kum khat sung in saidoh lel hi. Journalist hangsan khenkhat te Manipur gamnuai a hinna phal zen a “camera” toh hing lut uhi. Etsahna din, bang dia Frontline magazine a seem Praveen Swami in Kashmir leh i gam zodawn tanpha a thautawite bang dia a va suikhiat ahi diai? Gam itna ziah hi masa lou a, Frontier a zuah (market) thei ding “tangthu” (story) sui ahi zaw hi. India sorkar in a sawl hileh, ama Cambridge graduate khat zodawn a hinna phal zeen a hing lut bai lou ding hi. Solkar in India a officer leh babu te bang security leh hamphat tampi toh Northeast a posting ding ahilou leh enquiry bawl dia a sawl chiang un, Lamka gen lou Imphal airport tan maimai a phah uleh gim kisa mama uhi.

I gen ut pen ahileh, solkar in market adi’a mun a piah louleh i minam in a phah ding tan (full potential) tung zou lou ding hi. Tami Bill Clinton in US President achin zou in ana thei khia a, “The era of Big Government is over” ana chi hial hi. Market economy ah, solkar pen “limited Government” ahi. Gam khantou theina din, solkar pen a player hilou in, umpire maimai ahi zaw hi. Economic actor hilou in, falicitator ahi zaw hi: tami kikhiatna theisiam poimo hi. Socialist model ah, solkar khu Big Brother ahia, bangkim bawl thei pasian ahi – employer, corrupter, permit giver, banker, postmaster, aid doner, leh bribe taker ahi. I gam a khan ding bang a akhan thei louna ahileh, India socialist solkar hun peisa kum 60 sung in bangkim ah ana kitahla ziah ahi. Tami in mimal leh minam “work culture” leh kimuanna susia a, tu’n laisiam tampi in solkar sepna (quota), khutdaw (dependency) ding leh helna bawl ding chi lou bang ma hisap thei non lou uhi.

Socialist model pen “scarcity model” zong kichi a, atangpi in gallai (war time) emergency hun a zat dia hoi lel ahi. Solkar in bangkim ah thuneina (monopoly) nei in, market toh kisaina um lou in vanman “fix” a, quota abawl uhi. Price control leh fixed quota um na phot ah, zankhat thu in zong “black market” hing dingdoh mai hi. Free market ah, business competitor ten “rules of the game” a zuina din solkar pen umpire maimai in pang a, consumer te’n open market a van hoi pen leh kiman (value for money) pen ut zatzat a lei uhi. Free market in “Consumer is king” achi a, Socialist system in “Netas and babus are kings” chi a peipi hi. Tami ahileh Permit Raj of politician-bureaucrat nexus ahi mai hi.

1991 apat India in Market Mantra a zuina economic sector khen khat i enzual ding hi. Etsahna hoi pen ahileh Indian telecom a private competition um masang in, telephone land line adia solkar permit mutheina di’n kum 3 bang lut a, mu theithei ding chi guarantee um lou nalai hi. Mobile phone pen sum nei lei zong solkar in permit pet ve lou hi, aziah pen Manipur ah mobile phone kizang leh Indian national security chimzah di’n bureaucrat te’n a gingta uhi. Tu’n tami phone permit thu pen “history” ahi ta a, khangsawn te kung ah gen lei tahsang lou mai thei uhi. Tualeh 1959 apat India solkar in TV monopoly anei a, private TV te license kipe vet lou hi. Private te sai di’n “sensitive” ta lua asa uhi. 1991 economic reform tan in India ah TV channel 2 maimai um a (DD 1 & DD metro), a programme te uh zong a ninhuai sim ngen ahi. Hinanleh 1991 economic liberalization zou sawt lou in CNN, Star TV, Zee TV leh adg. hing lut a, dahkal 24 sung kisuah TV programme etthei tampi ahing um hi. Tuaziahin mi tampi’n TV set alei nainai uhi. Lamka lam ah zong Gulf War 1991 zou sawt lou TV antenna khuam bemung bang in inn tampi ah kiphut pan ta hi.

Tulai tah a i minam khantouna daltu lian pen ahileh i lunggeldan (mindset) ahi. I gam buaina tampi i “mindset” a hing kipan ahi. Pulammi muda in ei leh ei tualgal in i kithat ua, anua chiang in luangman ngen in sorkar tung ah kiphin in, bandh bawl i kidem ua, tuachi’n vanman i supung maimai ua, van man a pun leh i phun nainai zel uhi. Kum tungtawn in bandh bawlbawl lei, bang chih kal a sumsin ta ding, bang chih kal a siamsin ta ding? Solkar kichi mipi teel i MLA leh MP te achin leh asiam pen hi sese lou ua, Pasian bang a bangkim bawl thei hibai lou uhi. Adihtah in, a pil pen leh a dihtat pen a kiteel zong hi sese lou ua, hinanleh mipi dei zaw ahi himhim uhi. Solkar in i gam a sumsin-te leh semtute apat “tax” um lou in bangma sum nei lou hi. Hinanleh ei Northeast solkar pen India mun dang (adiah in Bombay leh Delhi) apat tax-payer te sum toh kivah ahi. Semlou a sum mu i hiziah in sum suidan kithei lou a, sumsinte bang i solkar gen lou mipi in musit bawl hi. Thawn a sum mu pen, a thawn in mang a, atam zaw a zatna dia kizang lou in kinegu bei zel hi. India in sum tamsem ahing piah leh, nehguna uang semsem a, singnuaimi “industry” zong met deudeu hi. I gam a sumsinna pibawl a, pulammi “investor-te” galgih lou a, i chial lut chiang in i gam ah sepna tampi hing piang dia, income tahtah (nehgu sum hilou) i nei thei ding hi. Nasepkhiat um lou a nehgu sum a tam leh vanman pung giap hi. Tami dinmun ah, sum tamzaw nei nanlei kizawng zaw thei hi.

Lamka a i private school hoi nei sunsun te (eg. missionary sekul te) bang solkar in sai sahlei, kum thum ma in manthei lou suah bei ding uhi. Aziah pen solkar sepna ah competition um lou a, competition um louna mun ah corruption um zel hi. Gam itna ziah in koima khang tou ngai lou a, market competition ziah in gam khangtou thei phet ahi. Khovel a gam zawng leh zaleen lou tawp Burma mite’n zong gam itna kivaat lou uhi. Tualeh gam hausa leh zaleen tulai Britain mite bang in gam itna (patriotism) chite pibawl het lou uhi. Tami umzia British laigelh siam, Samuel Johnson in hichi’n agen zou ta hi, “Patriotism is the last refuge of the scoundrel”. Gam itna pen sakho kuul mutna toh kibang a itna mittaw ahi. Medieval hun lai a sakhona “dih pen” gupna ziah a mihing sisan tampi a luang bang in, tulai khang ah zong nam itna paulap in galpi leh tualgal tampi na kisaat hi. India leh adiah in ei India Malsuah gam adi’n, sakho kulmutna leh nam itna kigawm pen khantouna melma zauhuai pen ahi. Maban limchi zaw leh tuituah zaw i dei leh, i sangnaupangte lungsim a minam itna haichi tuu sang in mihing itna haichii tuu ding poimo zaw hi. Mihing it lou a minam it a tam chiang in, gamsung khantouna ding maban bing deudeu hi. Jamia Unversity (New Delhi) a oja Mukul Kesavan in biahna, chi-le-nam, ham-le-pau, identity leh tawndan chite poimodan a gen a, India khangsawn te adia kepbit ding ahi ahidan zong agen hi. Hinanleh tamite paulap a nei a “self-determination” ngetna toh kisai in Kesavan in hichi’n agen hi:

If the point of self-determination is to allow a "People" to become a hegemonic majority in its own right, an Indian is entitled to say that whatever its rhetorical power, self-determination does not seem like an emancipatory or interesting or original political idea[1].

Thu Vaihah: Pasian Gam Na Lunglai Ah

Manipur solkar in phualpi “funding” apat a satan (share) ding maimai buaipi a, i gam a “wealth creation” leh “enterprise culture” bawl ding dan ngeingat lou hi. Tua i gam a “Percentage Raj” solkar ning khin in, free market leh private entreprise adin mun tam sem awn lei “zaleen gam” kisuah mai ding hi. Jesu Christ in, “Pasian gam na sung ua um ahi” a chi bang in, “zaleen gam” zong ei sung a um ahi. Van apat Pasian in ahing khiat suh thei hi lou hi. Singnuai gammual apat thautang toh mudoh thei zong hi lou hi. New Delhi in “sovereignty” hing pethei tawp le zong, “zaleen gam” pen koi ma’n hing pethei lou ding hi. Sakho-mitna, chawmngaina leh gam-itna chi ngaidan hawm (hollow rhetoric) te pen a manphatna chiang um tham hi; nanleh khantouna lampi hi chitchiat lou maithei uhi. Gam-itna ziah a khangtou ding kihilou in, investor-te etla tham dia sumsinna, siamsinna, zaleena leh muanna-le-bitna mi tamzaw in i dei chia’ khangtou pan ding i hi.

Tu dinmun ah “enterprise culture” i tawisang lou ziah un, sem lou a neh ding chi lungsim in khantouna dal hi. Hichibang dinmun ah solkar sepna mulou hun a, thautawi a gamvah pai ding michi’n in tum mawh hi. Hichibang society ah, solkar sepna himhim mu pen “lochinna” khiatna dan in kingaisun mai hi. Solkar sepna atam ziah tah in i gam a investor-te hing lutding kidei lou zel a, i education system zong Market Economy toh kituah di’a puaphat poimo kisa nai lou hi. Solkar tung a “backward quota” ngen a kiphinphin sang in i gam a “opportunity” umte hongkhe di’n eimi leh midang investor-te hanthawn zawlei kimet zaw ding hi. A huntawh nei lou in, solkar sepna mawh suh pungpung lei, i “productivity” niamkiat deudeu ding hi. Tami pen corruption phung vuhna leh consumer-te gawtna suah zosop ding hi. Market economy neitheina din midang zaleenna zaa (respect) dan siam a, ei mimal zaleenna zong society leh solkar in a zaa chiang in minam suahta tahtah i hi ta ding hi. Zaleenna in kilemna piangsah a, kilemna umlou in khantouna um thei lou zel hi. Alanglam ah, khantouna i chichi zong muanna-le-bitna minkhem (alias) maimai ahi. Tuaziah in, lungsim leh sumsin zaleenna ahileh khantouna lampi mai hilou in, khantouna siltup thupi pen zong ahi.

Laibu-Ette (References)

Amsden, Alice (1989) Asia’s Next Giant: South Korea and late Industrialization, New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Arnold, Matthew (2002) “The Function of Criticism at the Present Time, 1861” in Stefan Collini (ed.) Culture and Anarchy and Other Writings, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bhagwati, Jagdish (2004) In Defence of Globalization, Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.

Bhabha, Homi K. (1994) The Location of Culture, London: Routledge. See “The Commitment of Theory”, pp. 19-39.

Friedman, Milton & Rose (1990) Free to Choose: A Personal Statement, San Diego, NY & London: Harcourt Brace & Co.

Hayek, F.A. (1944) The Road to Serfdom, London & New York: Routledge.

Kesavan, Mukul (2001) Secular Common Sense, New Delhi: Penguin Books.

Luce, Edward (2006) In Spite of the Gods: The Strange Rise of Modern India, London: Little, Brown Book Group.

Nietzche, Friedrich (1878) Human, All too Human, trans. Marion Faber & Stephen Lehmann (1984), London/New York: Penguin Books.

Popper, Karl R. (1962) The Open Society and its Enemies, Priceton: Princeton University Press.

Roy, Pannalal (2003) Shattering the Myths: Merger of Tripura and Chakla Roshanabad, Agartala: Tripura Darpan.

Sachdeva, Gulshan (2002) “North-Eastern Economy: Present Realities and Future Possibilities”, Contemparary India: A North-East Special, 1(4): 67-90.

Sen, Amartya (1999) Development as Freedom, Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.

Sen, Amartya (2005) The Argumentative Indian, London: Penguin Books.

Soto, Hernando de (2001) The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism trimphs in the West and fails everywhere else, London: Black Swan.

Smith, Adam (1776) An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (in 4 vols.) Edinburgh.

Tooley, James (2000) Reclaiming Education, London & New York: Cassell.

Vanlalchhuanawma (2006) Christianity and Subaltern Culture, Delhi: ISPCK.

West, E.G. (1994) Education and the State, Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.

Woo, Jung-en (1991) Race to the Swift: State and Finance in Korean Industrialization, New York: Columbia University Press.



[1] Kesavan, Mukul (2007) “India’s model democracy” [On-line] http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6943598.stm accessed 15 August 2007

No comments:

Featured Post

Gam neitu hina (real property)

David Vumlallian Zou, PhD History Department University of Delhi   Khongjom Gal a Sapkang British te leh Meitei te a kido zo nua sawt lo, 18...