KHOTANG SIAMPHATNA HUIKHI LAANDAN by David Lalpi

KHOTANG SIAMPHATNA HUIKHI LAANDAN: 

Historical Overview of Social Renewal among the Zous 

  David Vumlallian Zou 

Queen’s University Belfast, UK 

ABSTRACT Athu mai a gen in khantouna um thei lou a, asep a pawng sep tho in zong bangma piang zou lou hi. Ngaisutna leh nasep a zohkhawm (praxis) ngai hi. Mailam lunggel kichian neina din, nualam a khantouna nasep peidan “historical overview” nei masat ngai hi. Zou sung a khotang siamphatna hun thum a khenthei ahi. Khatna ah, JCA pate hun apat 1974 a hattuam kikhen tan. Nina ah, 1990s vela pat khotang ngaikhohna tha hing um kia hi. Athum na ah, 21st century a “ngaisutna leh nasep” pangkhawm a minam tunding dingdan kikupna ahi. Minam khantouna dia Total Literacy Mission dinkhiat ngai ta a, tualeh Education System pumpi zong siamphat ngai hi. I numei-te uh suahtatna din, Zou society in mun-awng (space) honsah hun ta hi. 

  KEYWORDS Praxis, Paulo Freire, problem-posing education, mun-awng (institutional space), numei suahtatna (emancipation) I

NTRODUCTION Khotang siamphat dan ding theory hoitah um masa lou in, khotang siamphatna movement piching um thei lou hi[1]. Athu agen maimai (verbalism) hun lou a, asep-asep khiat tho mai (activism) zong dei huai lou hi. Ngaisutna leh nasep a zawkhawm ngai a, tami pen English in praxis kichi hi. Bible in nasep tellou ginna khu a shi ahidan ana gen hi[2]. Alangkhat lam ah, ngaisutna tellou nasep zong a shi ahi, chi thei veve ahi. Tami thului in Zou sung a “total literacy” bawl dingdan lampi a sui a, tualeh Latin American educationist minthang Paulo Freire in education siamphatdan ding agente ahing tahlang hi. Freire ngaidan pen “Problem-posing education” kichi hi. Tualeh Zou sung a numei in gamtat-khoheina ding mun-awng (institutional space) anei loudan zong a tahlang a, minam khantouna dia numei zalenna poimo dan agen hi. Zou milip kimkhat (50%) numei ahia, tami minam phalkhat a tuantual laisia khantouna um thei lou ding ahidan agen hi. 

KHOTANG SIAMPHATNA PIANCHIL KHANG 1954 -1974 

Zou sung ah, khotang siamphatna ngaikhohna 1950s vel apat na um ta hi. Mizogam a Welsh mission nasep dan toh kibang sim in, JCA mimasa ten hattuam nasep leh khotang siamphatna kiselbuh tah in na zohkhawm sah uhi. Tunia Zou kual a Manipur solkar sepna (4th Grade) nei mi tampite bang tua hun lai a JCA mission skul-te gasuoh ahi ngal uhi. 1950s lai a JCA pate Agenda thupi pente ahileh Zou literature siamkhiat ding leh khotang sianthouna chivel ahi. Tua hun a JCA record luite i sim leh, Zou labu sut ding a ngai poimo dan uh kimu thei hi. Zou Bible sang in labu (hymnal) na kisun masa zaw hi. A Minute Bu uah tambang in na kigelh hi: “Himi hunlai in Joutang tou a mite bang mi kam ham ngen in a ham ua … Jou mi zousia mi kam a ham nasan laibu i nei louzia ahi chin ka thei doh vua, Jou labu a manlang thei pen a sutna ding kang ngaihsut vua, a la ding Kamjakhup leh teng leh Thonghang le, Sema leh teng a bon in ka hing lakhom vua, ka hing sun ta uhi”[3]. Labu pen sim ding hilou a, sah tho dia hisap ahi.Tualeh Zoukam la-teng (oral tradition) apat laiteng (written literature) a suah masatna ahi. Zou Bible kisut in tami laigelh chiindan a namdet hi. Tami JCA lamkaite ma in tanchinbu Jogam-Thusuo zong March 1954 in ana pan ua, hinanleh sawt dai lou in a khawl pai hi. Zou literature ban ah, 1950s lai a Zou tapidaw-te Agenda poimo mama dang khat ahileh siangthouna ahi. Adiah in Pu Tunzakap in 1957 kum apat tami singthouna gospel a tangkoupi deu in a kilang hi. Ama adiah in khanglai lamte a veina a, Sunde Skul literature zong abul ana pan hi. 

JCA Minute Bu ah Tunzakap tanchin hichi’n kigelh hi: “Sakho lam ah hileh tahsa lam hileh a veina khom a, naopang khompy a um chiang bang in gam leh nam siang thouna vat a athei zia in progoram ah, Social Work na ding atuang sah a, nungah tangval belnot pol, in phiat pol, van koitup dan hil pol, ta leh nao etkol dan hil pol, kholai phiat pol, a guat a, mipin thu oi tah in ana zui a, gam le mual in mason in a phattuampi mama uh hi”[4]. JCA sang ma in zong Catholic mission in skul leh hostel chite na pibawl zaw a, Zou sung ah officer hunkhop i nei law uhi. Adiah in Father Ravarico[5] ahileh Zou khotang khanletna dia lampi sial masa khat ahia, Zou minam adia a contribution-te khangtha ten moh manghil lou ding dei huai hi. 1974 a MGP-ZCC kibuai apat Zou minam in khotang siamphatna lam sang in doctrine – dogma kibuaina in tha leh lungsim tam zaw na seng kha hi. Tami hun sung in tahsa leh hagau khantouna khu ui-le-kel bang ahi chi ngaidan Zou sung ah hing piangkhia hi. Athu a gen tho (verbalism) leh nasep (activism) zong ui-le-kel dan bang in kigen leuleu hi. Tami “theory” kichian tah a koi man agen lou vang in, UZO leh hattuam ki-gal etdan ah a lungsim uh kilang hi. 

Mizogam leh Manipur a Paite sung i etleh, khotang leh hattuam khantouna zohkhawm dan muthei ahi. Zou sung ah UZO pen Setan vaihawmna dan in mi tampi in hisap moh a, MGP leh ZCC pen Pasian vaihawmna dan in na kikoi sese hi. 1950s lai a Zou tapidaw-ten khotang ngaikhohna (social concern) a nei pen uh 1970s vela pat i mansua ta uhi. OT a zawlnei kamsang ten khotang siamphatna a ngaikhoh dan uh i kitheimo bawl ua, alang khat lam ah tanchinpha genna (evangelical concern) maimai i uang bawl uhi. Tami ahileh 1910 -15 vel a America a kuulmutna tha hing piang, Fundamentalist[6] kichiten ei gam tanpha a zong huzap anei ziah hidin agintat huai sim hi. Hinanleh awl in evangelical hattuam lamkai tamzaw ten khotang a khristain-te mopuahna pen kilepmang san thei lou ahidan ahing mutha kia uhi[7]. 

ZOU SOCIAL GOSPEL LEH KHOTANG SIAMPHATNA 1990s 

Pastor khen khat in OT zawlneite bang in, khotang siamphatna kisap dan amu thei uhi. Etsahna din, Rev. H. Nengzatun in 1991 kum in “Zou Mite Khotang Hinkhua Siemphatna”[8] chi laibu bang na sun ngai hi. Ama ngaidan leh 1950s lai a JCA pate ngaidan a kibatna tampi um in ka thei hi. JCA pate bang in, Rev. Nengzatun in a thu a gen (verbalism) sang a, asep asep ding (activism) lam a uang gen hi. Tami pen lunggelna leh nasep pangkhawm (praxis) ching lou deu hi. Tuami sawng ma in Zou Social Gospel (ZSG) kichi 20 February 1994 in ahing dingdoh hi. ZSG ten khotang siamphatna toh kisai theory khat anei uhi. Tami theory pen Evangelical khristian sung a na kibawl khia, “social gospel” chi ahi. Britain ah kum zabi 19 hun lai in Baptist pastor F.B. Meyer[9] in Jesu thuhilnate mimal sianthouna ding maimai hilou a, khotang sianthouna dia zatthei ahidan ana gen a, tami pen “social gospel” kichi hi. Hinanleh ZSG ten a theory uh guntu tah a study bawl sese lou in, tomkhat sung asep asep tho (activism) in a hun sah ua, hattuam kipumkhatna chi lou sildang a buaipi seng sih uhi. Tami Agenda a poimo vang in, tua i nua-etleh, kawchih sim a bang phial hi. Bangteng hileh, ZSG in sakhona lam a huapzouna, politics khantouna, leh khotang khantouna chi silthum teng a kizopna om ahi, chi amu thei uhi. Tami “social vision” ziah in Zou society kizopna teng pumkhat in a en thei uhi. Kuki-Zomi Tualgal 1997-98 zou in ZSG te thawm gin kiza nalai a, MGP-ZCC kigawm thei dan ding zong lampi kisui nalai hi. 2000 kum a Zou nampi an-ngawl a kisia ni kibawl tan in zong hattuam pumkhat ding kinepna um nalai hi. Hinanleh 2003 sung in ZCC in “internal crisis” ahing nei a, dei lou dan in sil ahing tung a, kikhenna tam sem ahing piang hi. Alang khat lam ah, MGP leh MEP pen Synod khat ah ahing kigawm thei zel hi. ZSG te tupna pen losam-loching chi ding ahing suah hi. 

21ST CENTURY A KHOTANG SIAMPHATNA DING AGENDA 

Zou society in khantou lam a manoh dung zui in, khotang buaina hamsa sem suhveng hing ngai ta hi. Tami hamsatnate daltu bang a ngaisun lou a, chouna (challenge) dan a en ding ahi zaw hi. Hamsatna hing tung dingte maleep (anticipate) thei in, amavang in kisahkholna bang nei thei lei dei huai hi. Gintat dan a khovel ahing kihei leh, 2020 kum chiang a India zong gam hausa hita dia ki hisap ahi. Tami hun a Zou kampaute zong midang toh kiliangkim adin theina din tu apat kisahkhol ngai ta hi. Tunai a ZPCS dinkhiatna, Zou Christian Music Committee leh ZYO complex hingpian khiat dante’n tu 21st century adia trend-setter a ngaisut thei ahi. Tualeh i khang toh kituah a khosuah na dia kisam khotang siamphatna chi 3 i tahlang ding uhi. 

1. Total Literacy Mission: 

Khotang khantouna dia kisam masa pen bang adiai? chi’n kidong lei, mi tampi ten IAS, IFS, M. Phil, PhD chite i ngaisun masa pen mai thei ding uhi. Tamite a poimo a, hinanleh minam khantou tahtah na din Total Literary Mission poimo zaw nalai hi. Manipur Zou milip 20,000 vel sung ah, IAS mi 200 leh PhD mi 200 um nanlei zong Zou minam pumpi kikhangtou pai ding china hituan lou hi. Mimal leh minam lochinna a kizop a, hinanleh sil kibang hi tuan lou uhi. Khovel a sum hau pen (GDP) kisuina ah, India 3rd position in pang pha a, hinanleh “living standard” niam penpen khat ahi zel hi. Tualeh India ahileh khovel a mipil misiam (IT professionals, doctor, engineer) hau pen khat ahia, hinanleh gam “literacy rate” khovel a niam pen pawl ahi. Tuaziah in khantouna pen zung pat a, niam leen sah ngai masa hi. Anneh-tuidawn ban ah, laisim thei leh gelh theina (literacy) khu mihing tahsa leh hagau khanletna dia kisam masa pen ahi. Total Literacy Mission i pichin suah lou leh, Zogam ah kum teng in revival tung in, van apat sum-le-pai mana bang in hing kesuh zungzung nanleh, khantouna tahtah um thei tuan lou ding hi. Zou sung a Total Literacy Mission bawlna din, amasa in Literacy Survey bawl masat angai ding a, hattuam statistics tuamtuam te zong compare thei ahi. 

Aban ah panmun dan 3 bang siam ngai ding hi: (a) Front guard: LP, JB skul leh mission skul oja-te educational training bawl teitei dia phut ding dei huai ta hi. I oja-te uh a tam zaw training nei lou ngen ahi uhi. Zou kual a solkal oja te DIET course Lamka ah bawl sah thei ahi. Tualeh a lem dandan a solkar leh mission skul zong merger bawl thei ahi. Apoimo pen ahileh Zou khosuan a oja-te a duty post chiat a adinkip uh ngai hi. Oja a duty post a sem lou-te LCC (LEC) member chi vel a telching non lou ding ahi. Oja a duty post a ding te Christian missionary bang a ngaisut ding ahi ua, zatatna zong a nasep uh toh kituah a piah ding ahi. Zou kual a 100% literacy rate nei masa pen khua (veng) a pang dia kidem ding ahi. (b) Middle guard: Naupang leh piching Sunde Skul ten lai thei loute adin Remedial Class a neipi thei uhi. Tami ding in text-bu zong sut thei ahi. Laivuan chiang a “kam a dawng pawl” chi Category suh bei ding ahi. Sunde Skul oja-ten training leh refresher course kum khat a khatvei-nivei beh abawl ding uhi. (c) Back guard: Nipi leh phalbi khawl hun sung in, sangnaupang volunteer ten Zou khote ah abanban in Literacy Camp a bawl ding uhi. Tami pen ZSP leh ZYO ten makaihna ala thei ding uhi. Kum chin in literacy rate tam pung penpen ten nuamman Literacy Trophy zong a sang ding uhi. Total Literacy Mission a pichin hun chiang in, Zou Literacy Pawi bawl ahi ding hi. 

2. Educational Reform: 

Zou kual a solkar, mission leh private skul-te ah zong oja leh naupang lai kihildan siamphat ngai ta hi. Nidang lai a chiang toh naupang-te ui khet a khet chite, leh kii-pi laihil (parrot learning) te tawp san hun mama ta hi. Tami ziah a Zou sung a oja-te training leh workshop nei khawm zelzel lunggul huai ahi. Lamka ah zong B.Ed leh BE zou Resource Person a chial thei ding mi tampu um ta hi. Tulai khang toh kituah a teaching method tuamtuamte oja-ten theisah ding dei huai hi. Atom in genlei, i “educational philosophy” uh pumhen hun ta hi. Tum lam gam ah, hun sawtpi apat Plato, Rousseau leh John Dewey ngaidante zui in naupang na ki-enkol hi. Hinanleh Paulo Freire in 1970 a Pedagogy of the Oppressed chi laibu ahing sut apat, laihil dan ding ngaidan tha khat ahing kimusuah hi. Paulo Freire in mi tampi in Banking Model zui a lai a hildana mopaih a, aman Problem-posing Model bawl ding dan a mukhia hi. Naupang laihilna a oja-ten a theidia poimo masa pen ahileh, koima lungsim ah theina kihil tho thei lou hi, chi a pom masat uh ngai ahi. Paulo Freire in tami toh kisai hichin agen hi: “Houlimna (dialogue) tungtawng in naupangte oja chite leh oja-te naupang chite a beimang ua, kizopna tha ahing piang hi: oja-naupang leh naupang-oja chi ahing piang hi. Oja-te pen naupang laihiltu maimai hinon lou in, naupangte toh houlimna apat siamna ziltu ahing suah uhi. Naupante zong ziltu mai hilou in, hiltu ahi veve uhi … Koiman mi laihil thei lou a, eima mimal mai in zong bangma kizil thei lou hi. Khovel i mudan uh a kibat lou dung zui in, khat leh khat apat theina i lasawn uhi …”[10] 

Naupang lungsim pen paper awng leh suanglai (slate) bangma kigelh nai lou – tabula rasa – dan in na kingaisun a, tami Banking Model theory dih lou dan Rousseau hun apat na kithei ta hi. Banking Model in naupang lungsim pen “bank account” kihong tha bang in a geel a, theina pen sum bang a thunlut (deposit) thei din a hisap uhi. Theina tengteng text sung a um dan a hisap in, tamite kii-pi (parrot) bang in naupangte chiinpha (memorise) sah a sawm uhi. Sil tampi chiamte zoute kumtawp exam chiang in Mark tampi a piah ua, Mark tam mute a pil dan in a hisap uhi. Naupang huahbu sung a theina a kikhumlut (deposit) thei lou chiang un, chiangkang toh ui sat in oja-ten a sat ua, anah sat deu chiang ua theina hing luanglut dingdan in a hisap uhi. Tualeh Banking Model in naupang teng a ki-eh bah siang in a hisap a, a laizil dan uh zong sepaih-te parade dan a “speed” kituah chetchet din a hisap uhi. Naupang in mizia leh talent tuamtuam anei chi thudih zong a pom sih hi. Tami Banking Model pen Paulo Freire in nasa tah in a doudal a, Problem-posing education Model zang din ngetna abawl hi. Problem-posing Model in oja leh naupang kidaidanna baang a sat chimit masa a, lungsim kihong a houlim theina ding bouruak (learning environment) a bawl masa hi. Theina tahtah text-bu sung a um lou in, naupang leh oja pankhawmna leh houlimna apat hing piang ding ahi chi a pom hi. Text-bu pen vanzat chi khat maimai ahia, naupang-te lunglutna toh kituah in text-bu suh lamdang gige ngai hi. Text-bu thei ding pen education siltup thupi pen hilou a, naupang-te lungsim hong khiatna dia Dotna bawl ding poimo zaw hi. 

Naupang lungsim in Dotna ahing siam thei chiang in, theina kitasam non lou ding hi. Education tup-le-nim bang ahiai? chi dotna bang siamzil bulpatna ahi. Miteng in Dotna kibang nei ngai sese lou hi. I mimal leh minam buaina dawng thei lou laibute’n pilna hing pethei lou ding uhi. Dotna leh thei utna bawl masa lou a naupang lungsim a thu tampi i moh thun sawm leh, naupang in Dotna bawl ngam lou deudeu ding a, BA, MA hilezong kizang thei tuan lou ding uhi. Mihing khat in class I apat class XII tan a laibu i simteng manghil thei sih lei, a lungsim manthei lou suah ding hi. Apoimo pen ahileh theina chepte (memorise) ding hilou in, Dotna tha siam ding ahi zaw hi. Tami din chepte siamna sang in, sil manghil theina poimo zaw hi. Siamsinna dihtah pen dotna siam ngamna (critical mind) leh siltha puahtheina (creative mind) neina dia naupang leh oja-te houlimna guitan lou ahi zaw hi. Naupang in a laibu sim toh a kimvel a a-khovel experience dan azopkhawm thei lou leh, sil kivaat khat um china ahi. A text-bu hoi lou amah, a oja-te houlimdan kivaat khat hi ding hi. Siamzilna pen a mong bei ahia, dotna i bawl ngapna tantan ah theina in hing ngah hi. Theina pen tuiluang bang ahia, text-bu sung a kivei den hi lou hi. Khang (generation) chin in buaina tha nei zel a, tamite suhvengna din dotna tha poimo hi. Tami in theina tha piangsah zel hi. Tuaziah a syllabus tha a hun zil a siam zel poimo hi. 

3. Emancipation of Women: 

Khanglui lai in numei na kimusit mama a, tuahun lai a British anthropologist-ten Zo (Chin-Kuki) numeiten suah (slave) hinkhua a zatdan uh ana gen uhi. Phalvah apat nitum tan in numei ten na asem ua, tangval-te pen a tuam in Haam (Sawm) Inn ah agiah uhi. Tami pen pasal lalna leh thuneina society (patriarchy) kichi hi. Tun zong Zou sung ah numei domkang tuan lou a, nuainetna bei nai lou a, tami in i minam a tuantual sah hi. Zou sung ah numei milip 50% vel ahia, pasal tengteng khangtou nanleh, i numeite a tuantual uh leh Zou minam pumpi khangtou thei tuan lou ding hi. Mihing khat a phal lang khat zeng leh, ama pen mizeng kichi veve a; a lang khat maimai hibou, kichi thei lou hi. Zou society i et leh, a phal lang khat zeng ahidan kithei khe pai hi. I custom leh khanglui proverb, inn sung, hattuam leh khotang hinkhua chite ah numei nuai-mangna (erasure) mun adim in um hi. Numei in gam lua ding kiphal lou a, ta pasal nei loute “inn gam” kichi hi. Tami custom Pasian bawl hilou a, mihing bawl tawm ahi. Pasal-te bawl tawm ahi. 

Ta pasal deina in Family Planning dal thei a, zawl saina leh kikhuulna chite paing sah hi. Inn sung ah numei nuainetna in tate khantouna dal a, Zou minam lungsim damtheina (mental health) nahpi in sukha hi. Hattuam lam ah upa leh pastor tan pasal veve kigual a, vaihawmna teng pasal khut ah kikoi hi. Khotang kivaipuahna ZSP leh ZYO chite ah numei kinuai-mang bei a, Treasurer tung lam panmun tu din kisinsahna leh muanna zong kinei lou hi. UZO ahileh 100% pasal kipawlna ahia, Zou milip 50% (numei-te) representative hikha nai lou hi. Hattuam lam ten Zou numei-te adin mun awng (institutional space) neu khat ahong ua, MWCA leh ZWCA chite ana ding khia hi. Tami numei pawl ten antang ham, sum leh pai leh church property nasatah in a tun ding sah uhi. Zou sung a hattuamte huzap (influence) pen UZO huzap sang in hat zaw hi. Aziah ahileh hattuam lam ten Zou numei-te mun awng (space) a siamsah ziah ahi. Paite sung ah zong numei pawl ziah in Dorcus Hall piching tah ana lam zou uhi. I numeite uh mun awn a, zalenna i piah lou leh, i minam hatna 50% kizang thei nai lou china ahi. Tami thuguh Tum lam gan ten sawtpi in na thei ta ua, khotang kisiamphatna nasa tah a tun hi. Zou numeite mun teng a zalenna i piah chiang in, i khotang buaina kimkhat bei ding hi. I numei-te uh kitchen sung a i khum laisia, Zou minam khantouna in kitchen kaan zou lou ding hi. Inn sung, khotang, hattuam, sum suina, politics leh siamzilna ah Zou numei-te adia mun-awng (institutional space) i siamsah hun ta hi. 

CONCLUSION 

Minam khantouna din infrastructure – lamlian, railway, electric power, hospital, school, public library, youth centre, adg. – chite poimo a, hinanleh abihtah a Zou sung adin Total Literacy Mission ah kipan leh lamzang pen din a gintat huai hi. Total Literacy leh Numei Suahtatna pen khantouna din “infrastructure” sangma a poimo zaw ahivang un, solkar sum toh bawl thei zong hilou zel hi. Tamite pen “khotang sumpi” (social capital) kichi a, minam khantouna zungpi detsahtu ahi uhi. Manipur Zou milip 20,000 sung ah Total Literacy Mission loching sah lei, laisim thei mi piching 10,000 bang kinei ding hi. Tami teng lah ah 25% maimai in Zoukam laibute hing sim uleh, laibu copy 2500 phail kisun thei ding china ahi. Zoukam in market hoi hing nei ding a, literature piching sem kinei thei ding a, laigelh-te zong hing “professional” ta ding uhi. Tami in Knowledge Society neina dia khuam zungpi hing tunding sah ding a, khangsawn ah Knowledge Economy (services, finances, banking, tourism, hospitality, call centre, adg.) bang hing dingdoh thei ta phial ding hi. Numei-te zong kitchen sung ah kikhum non lou ding a, nehsuina leh sumsinna tuamtuam ah pasal toh kiliangkim in ding ta ding uhi. I sangnaupang leh graduate-te un kii-pi bang a laizil non lou dia, i khang toh kituah theina ziltu mai hilou in, theina bawltu (knowledge-producer) in hing pang ding uhi. Ngaidan thatha leh siamna thatha hing pawlut ding ua, nehsuidan thatha ahing siam khe ding uhi. Tua hun chiang in koiman solkar sepna chite pou dei non lou ding uhi. 

NOTES AND REFERENCES: 

[1] Lenin in hichi’n ana gen hi, “Without a revolutionary theory there can be no revolutionary movement”. See Freire, Paulo (1993) Pedagogy of the Oppressed, London & New York: Penguin Books, p. 107.

[2] Jacob 1: 23 leh 2: 20 ah tami Praxis umdan toh kinai mama thuhilna um kha a, hinanleh tami mun ah a thu agen (verbalism) sang in nasep (activism) poimodan kigen uang zaw hi. 

[3] ELCC Office Archives, Churachandpur, JCA Minute Book 1954 – 1958, p. 10. 

[4] JCA Minutes, p. 50. 

[5] Kosha, Donald (1988) A Historical Sketch of the Catholic Church in St. Paul’s Parish – Chandel District, Manipur, Chandel: 22nd Catholic Congress. 

[6] Fundamentalist kichi pawl ten tahsa leh hagau thu ui-le-keel bang in a ngaisun ua, Evangelical Khristian sung a kuulmut pha diah a kingai sun ahi uhi. Ama un “social gospel” a dem ua, khristian ten hagau lam khantouna maimai buaipi ding ahi chi gingtatna anei uhi. Tapidaw tamzaw ten Fundamentalist-te ngaidan pen kiselbuh leh piching zou lou in amu ua, uar-bih nei dan in a koi uhi. 

[7] Stott, John (1999) New Issues Facing Christians Today, London: Marshall Pickering. 

[8] Nengzatun, Rev. H (1991) Zou Mite Khotang Hinkhua Siemphatna (Social Reform among the Zous), Lamka: Director for Development of Tribal & Backward Classes, Manipur. 

[9] F.B. Meyer (1847 – 1929) in tua hunlai evangelical khristian-te khompi minthang Keswick Convention ah 1887 apat thugenna ana nei pan hi. Jesu nuazui kichite mimal hundamna leh sianthou ding maimai toh buai lou a, Samaria mihoipa bang a itna nasep khovel a tahlat ding ahidan agen hi. (See Ian M. Randall, “The Social Gospel: A case study” in Wolffe, John. 1995. Evangelical Faith and Public Zeal: Evangelicals and Society in Britain 1780-1980, pp. 155 – 174). 

[10] Freire (1993) Pedagogy of the Oppressed, p. 61.

S. Thangboi, Healing our social virus

HATTUOMA KULMUUTNA: I NAM ADI’A NATNA-HII

(Religious Fanaticism and Fundamentalism – A Social Virus)

S. Thangboi Zou

Dept. of Geography,
NEHU, Shillong

Manuscript received on 29 Sept. 2005, and revised on 1 Nov. 2005

[S. Thangboi Zou in St. Edmund’s College (Shillong) apat BA (Geography) na zoukhia a, NEHU ah 4th position na nga hi. Tun NEHU ma ah MA (Geog.) final a bawl lai tah ahi. ZSP Shillong Branch ah Vice-President leh Gen. Secretary hina a tu ngai a, tualeh heteng a kisun tanchinbu Zoheisa (2003) leh ZWS Link (2003 – 04) ah zong Editor in nasem ngai hi. Send your comments to: thang_zou@yahoo.co.in ]

ABSTRACT
Khovel khantou toh kituah in, Zou minam pilna-siamna leh neh-le-tah suina lam ah nidang sang in maban sawm tou zel in a kilang hi. Hinanleh maban kalsang in tawina na dia daltu lian khat um a, hattuam kulmuutna natna-hii (social virus) ahi. Tami natna-hii ahileh hun peisa a a chii (seed) na kiphum ahia, tuni chiang in ahing gapha mama hi. Natna zousie a damdawi um hi. A damdawi pen biahna leh khotang lamkaite ban ah khanglaite khut ah um hi. Lamkai-te’n sahkhona kulmuutna khel lam a muna kiching (holistic view) nei kisam tahzet a, tualeh Zou minam kipawlna UZO, ZYO, ZSP ten sakhona lamkaite sang a lungsim piching zaw akua uh poimo ta hi. Amau doctrine (dogma) a kiphut ahilou ziah in, Zou minam hoina ding (minam interest) veng siam pen ding asuah uhi. Khanlai te zong sakhona kulmuutna hii (virus) apat kiveng siam mai a huntawh lou in, tami natna-hii nei numawl-pamawlte suhdamna dia pahlah kisam ta hi.

KEYWORDS
Hattuom-kulmuutna, Nampi’ khanmaw bawh, Kituom khenna, Khotang detdouna, Kipumkhatna, Hattuom leh bieh Pasian

Thumapui
I ZOU NAMPI IN KUMSAWM val hun ana peisate saang in tu in khantouna jat tuom tuom ituonlut ta ua, midangte a bangpi hisih nanleh eima khom in bangtan ahiei khat laisimnalang leh nei-le-lam lang ah ma isawn dawm ta un amuthei hi. Hinanleh tamtenga hun ding leh lungkim thei mai ding hinai sailou a, mailam naw nading lampi saupi umnalai hi. Alangkhat ah, ikhotang hinkhuo(society) lam iet chieng in hun peisate apat tuni tan dongin bangma matalna leh khantouna gending atam seng nai sih hi. Tuniin, bang pentah amah inam-khotang adinga natna thupi, tunitana akhantou ding bang taha khangsah theilou, tahsa leh hagau langa ikivaihawmnate uh lamzang taha peisah theilou, azieh (cause) kichientah suikhiet ahun mama ta hi. I nam leh khotang buoina ziehte khu atam mama ding a, hinanleh tuate lah a chikhat ahileh hattuom kulmuutna zong ahi.

Thuchien Umdan (Facts) [1]
Nguntah in en veng veng lei, hunsawtpi apat i society dammawna leh khanmawbawh khat ahileh hattuom mina i kulmuut seng zieh uh ahi. Tuni tan in koimata in hangsan tahin ipholdoh ngam nai seng sih uhi. Itheilou kal un tami natna in inam pumpi(Zou) adingin hatlana leh basapna lienpi lamchinteng ah a’ngtun zou tahi. Mitamtah tuni tan in zong ibieh Pasian kibang, inam kibang hina piin, ilei-hattuom akibat lou zieh mai mai in lunggel kibang theilou in i um tamawh uhi. Tamkhu I Zou nam in natna hoilou aneite laha khat ahi. Tam thutah koipouin i mit un imu chiet ua, ilungsim un ithei ua, hinanleh ikam un bangma ahoina ding igen kheh ngam sih ua, ikhutte un bangma nna isem ngam sih uhi. Tampen akhawh mama sil ahilam akikhel nuasang pia iphawh khiet pan uh hileh kilawm hi. Tuniin ki-enchien chiet lei ithei mai ding ua, hattuom a ikulmuut (fanatic) seng zieh un bangtan inam sung ah kikhenna, kilang-etna, ki-engsietna, kithutuohlouna leh adang dangte a um tai, mizaat phazoulou hinanlei hattuom bangzaatin ikikhen thang sieng ta uai, chi geeltham ching mama tahi. “… I khotang chibang atawm nou toh, bang ding in tuibang iluong khawmlou…” [2]

Siltung taphot in azieh anei chiet hi. Khumbang kaal ah tam thutah (reality) khu giltaha suizuina leh theichetna nei chiet dingin iki deisah uhi. Nidanglai apatin ihattuom lamkaite chiet un tam kulmuutna chii ang na tukhum zouta ua, hoitah nou a enkol nalai zosopin, tu in aga pha mama lih-liah keei hi [3]. Aga ilouta ngei ua, hinanleh, ikhotang kipumkhatna leh kithutuohnate aman(price) in ipehkhe ta uhi. Khawsahnabei mikhenkhat ten hattuom tungtawn in i society ah kikhenzahna leh kiteltamna ana tun zouta ua, khumkhu tulaia khangthate adinga etton hoilou (pernicious precedent) vawt ahi tahi. Eima mimal meetna ding, ahilouleh, eima pawlpi haatna ding ahipou leh inam/ikhotang kisiet ding zong khawsalou hi ulei kilawm tahi [4]. Akhawhpen tah khu ‘galthuom chikim’– langneina (bias), du-amna, lungkhawhna (egoism), kituompawlna, chietneina lungsimte a kivon in itup (mission)- “agam kehletding” chi toh nna isem ta uhi. Hinanleh mundang gammiel ah vakuonlou in ei leh ei kikal ah mipi (members) ikilah sah zung zung ua, i-unau muongtah a umlaite vasuliing in ikhenzah mawh uhi. Bangtenghileh, Pasian thu a kalsuon ihi ua, akhawhna umsih zong ichimai thei uhi. Tuniin tami nnasep ahoi leh ahoilou pen ibieh Pasian khutah nga mai va ui, nanleh silkhat phuolguuh guollou in kilang a, tuakhu, i society kiguizopna khauzang (thread) tan ta hi. Tami hun in inam leh gam adi’a phattuom ngai pawlpi (philanthropic organisation) ten pan ana halah hileh uh aphattuomna ana ummai theiding in gintat ahuoi hi. Hinanleh amauhte nangawn zong akulmuut ngen ana hive uhi. Rev. Seikholet in Shillong-a athugen nakhat ah “Kukitate pawltuomtuoma ikikhenlaw na uh ahileh Pasian belou in hattuom ibieh zieh uh ahi” ana chi hi [5]. Tu in ei Zoute lah ah zong tangtung tahi.

Awle , tu in ahiding teng hizouta, asuoh ding teng suoh zouta chiin koi phot vai. Muntuom tuom leh biehinn tuomtuoma Pasian iphat uh khu asia ichina hitentun sam lou hi. Hinanleh eiten tami peidan khu hisel taha izui khah lou uh akhawhpen ahi zaw hi. Unau Paite, Mizo, Naga leh Khasi ten zong hattuom khat saanga tamzaw nei thou ua, hinanleh a society un kisietnan neipi tuamlou uhi. Ei Zounam sunga adei huoilou leh ada huoi pen khat khu hattuom-hina lah khiel leh zahkhiel a um khu ahi. Tuami in inam leh khotang detdouna (social & political stability) naah sukhaah mama hi. Laisiengthou in kichientah in ahing kawhmu a, “Eite kiteltam leh kisehsieng dinga a’ng dei hilou in, muong leh kituoh taha umkhawm vadiel dinga a’ng dei hizaw hi” I Cor. 14:33 GNV. Tami Laisiengthou tangtel ana juita hi ulei Philosopher Karl Marx thugen: “Religion is opium of the mass (Sakhuo khu mipite adi’a guu (ganja) ahi)” [6] ana chi khu adihna tanchieng ana um lou ding hiven! [7]. Karl Marx thugin (concept) tulaia ei Zou society toh i et kah chieng in adih mama a, itheilou kal un ina zuidih kha uhi. Rev. Dr. Chinsuanthang in tambang in ana gen hi: “Sakhua limsak leh biakna limsak ichite sanga thupizaw leh ahoihpen, Pathian kipahna tuh Pathian limsak ahi.” [8] Sakhuo/hattuom min iha ngaisah seng chieng in Pasian saangin ahattuom (denomination) in mun poimaw aluo tam zaw zel hi. Khum khu hattuom sung adi’a zong siet kipatna bulpi ahi tuh hi.

Panlah dingdan (Measures)
Bangchin bawl lei tambang natna sudam theiding ihiei? Chi kikup poimaw hi. Amasa pen in, i society sung a lamkaite tung ah kingah dieh set a, tualeh michin tungah zong mawpuohna lienpi um veve hi. Khangtha laisimten zong mawpuohna thupitah liengkou ah puo uhi.

Lamkaite’n bangteng tung ah mipi deina banga nna sem a, eima lungluutna mai enlou a, atamzaw kilungtuohna (concensus) a vaihawm a mapui ding sil poimaw tah ahi. I namsunga hattuom kikhenthang zieha ‘natna hoilou’ a’ng tundan kichientaha a ettha kia veng veng uh ngai tahi. Silkhat tunia kadeidana kapeipi a mabana ikhotang sietna ding ahi khah taleh, ka tawpsan ngam phot angai hi. Lamkai khat in mipi hoina dinga adeidan leh angaidante ataan/piehkhiet (sacrifice) ngam ngai hi. Bible in “…nouman hinkhuo ah puitu tulsawm nei nan ulachin Pa khat bou nanei uhi’ chin gen hi. (I Cor. 4:15). Tami tangtel in eite lamkai tuom tuom nuoi a um hina ulei zong i bieh Pasian kibang ahidan ensah hi. Lamkaite kaal a buoina apien chiengin atangpi in lungtang khawhna (ego-clash) zieh ahi diah hi. “Tua imangbatna hunte uh khu sil umsa (nature) apat hing pieng hilou in eima mihingten i siem khiet thu ahi.” [9] Zousunga hattuom kigawm khawmna dinga pan ana kilate suhpiching ana hizoulouna zieh zong lamkaite kikala kituoh-theilouna/kilemlouna zieh ahi chilei kizuou lou ding hi. Tam thuvui geldoh vai:

“Hunlui a lamkaite khu amipiten azui theiloua, amauh lamkaina gama masawnna umlou, hinanleh alamkaina uh beithei tuomlou amauh damlai sung teng; khumbang dinmun aum ahileh, Pasianin amauhte azah nawnlou ahilouleh ataisan hidinga ginmaw ahi tahi.”

(As people of older generation and in a position of leadership, if people cannot follow them and if there is no progress for the nation under their leadership, and because they are still alive and their leadership cannot end, there is a suspicion that God does not use them anymore or has left them.) [10]
Lamkaite dinga kingaituo pha hun ahi tahi.

Tuabanah khangtha ten zong mawpuohna lienpi nei uhi. Zou sunga laisim lam deuten tambang lunggeel hoiloute apat kikaang koia, mi koi hinanleh, ‘mailien-maineu’ chia en lou a, huptuom paituom neiloua, eima hattuom leh biehnate saanga inam-hina (Zou identity) khu pumpia (holistic view) la a, Pasian khat, i bieh Pa khat ahi chi lunggeel toh kithuom pan ta ding in iki deisah uhi. Ma-angsielna leh lunggeel kohchiih (clan consciousness, dialectal chauvinism, dogmatic intolerance) chiten i namsung a mun anei hun hinawnlou hi. I lunggeel leh i mangmu (vision) te khovel kihendan leh khantoudan toh aki zawh ngai ta hi. I ngaidan khat puohlut ding khu koipou society a mikhat hina dawla i maw puoh chiet uh ahi. Maban a Zou namsunga tambang hattuoma kulmuutna zieha sildeihuoi lou hing tung theiding toh kipel theina dingin phattuomngai pawlpi i neite uh – ZSP, ZYO, UZO leh adang dangten pan alah masat uh ngai hi. Aziehpen tamte khu hattuom doctrine (dogma) leh denomination kikhenna bulphu (base) a ding ahilou zieh un “neutrality” dinmun hina nei uhi. Hattuam kamkaite sang in “vision” sauzaw leh lungsim lianzaw a nei thei ding uhi. Etsahna’n, Shillong ah kum peisate in Mizo Presbyterian leh Baptist pawlpi lamkaite kikaal ah buoina ana um kha a, hanaleh asangnaupangte un lepna bawlpi thei ua, alamkai kulmuut tahte uh khu anuisat giep ua hileh gending theilou in zum mama uh uh kichi hi [11]. Ei khangthate, adieha laisimte, inam/hattuom sunga lamkai leh nu leh pa lunggeel kohchiih neithei nalaite khu i kithuzaw sah lou ua, amauhte ile theisiem sah angai zaw ta hi. Doctrine, dogma, denomination khellam a ngaisutna nei ngai a, kum 21 century a Zou tate dinmun ding leh kikumphatna ding pilvang tah a et ngai ta hi.

Thukhahna
Athutawp ah, i khotang damna ding nang leh kei khutah kinga hi. I hattuomte un min tuomtuom paw nanleh tahsa a ikipawl khawmna te uh (ZSP, ZYO, UZO, etc.) kibang a, tamten namkhat hamkhat ihina kilang sah veve hi. Khotang lam toh kisai sil ahichieng in thakhat leh munkhat a um ihinate suo chietlei inam in damna ngathei pen dingin kinep a um hi. Maban ah sep ding bawlding inei nalai ua, ikitawldam masang un peinading lampi saupi um nalai hi. Inam in lamkai, atawp-santu ding hilou in, a zoutu ding poimaw ta hi. Ikhotang leh biehna kikhen theilou hi. Khatlang ahaat chieng in khatlang basam veve hi. Tam tegel azawh khawm lou uleh atupmun (destination) uh tung thei zosam um tuonlou uhi, aziehpen azuitu khu bangma dang hilou in mipite (mihingte) ma hiveve ahiman in. Bangteng tungah ibiehna hattuom-min saanga ibieh Pasian lungkimna khu poimaw zaw hi chi theikawmin inam leh ikhotang kipumkhatna (social & political integrity) khu kem hoi zaw va ui. I beh-le-phung ki-elna leh denomination thang tawmnate’n khovel a kimudana mei-diil hing malepsah ding a, Zou khan dal ahi zing uhi.

NOTES & REFERENCES:
[1] Zou sung a hattuam kipumkhatna toh kisai lai na kigelh sate na simbe utleh, Singson, Dr. D (1996) “Christian Unity and Ecumenism” Zomi Sangnaupang Pawlpi 1995-96, Churachandpur; pp. 16-17; Lawmthang (2000) Gospel Tangkou April; Chinlunthang (2000) “Hattuom Anapei Dan” – Seminar paper September; Zou, David Lalpi (2000) “Zou Sung a Pawl Kikhenna leh Khotang Hinkhua: Social Dimensions of Denominational Divide among the Zous” in Gospel Tangkou, Vol. XIII, No. 8 (August); pp. 18-26; leh Anonymous (2004) “Kum 50 Khristian Zou Tate Maban” in Jou Christian Association Golden Jubilee Souvenir, MGP-MEP, Churachandpur; pp. 85-89.
[2] Manlun, Zamkholian (2001) Mother Earth- Zogam Calling, Vol II, Side A [audio album].
[3] Zou, S.T. (2004) ‘Chiihoi Tuvai’, (editorial column) ZWS Link, 1(2):1. Shillong: Zou Worship Service Pub. (From 1998-2002 denominational crisis occurred among the Zous in Shillong).
[4] Bulte, Pauliankap (2003) ‘What Ails Our Society?’ in Vanglai Venture, Shillong: Zillai Publication, pp. 12.
[5] Robert, T.H. (2003) ‘Kuki Church Unification: An Account’ in Ahsijolneng Annual Magazine, Shillong: KSO Publication, pp. 13.
[6] Karl Marx in sakhona pen ganja (opium) toh ana tehkah hi. Ganja tepte addict ahi chiang un khawl thei non lou ua, bangma lunggelna leh khotang a sil poimote a ngaisun pha sih uhi. Ganja bang in minautang (working class) te sakhona in bum siang in, atung ua vaihawm ten kimawlna leh amau metna dia azat ahilam uh kithei vateh lou uhi.
[7] Turner, Jonathan (1998) Introduction to Sociological Theory, Jaipur: Rewat Publication.
[8] Chinsuanthang, Dr. Rev. H.S. (2004) ‘I Gam Tunding Nawnna Di’n’ in Siamsin Thugousiah, Shillong: Siamsin Pawlpi Publication. Vol-II, pp.20.
[9] Misao, Seiminlen (2003) ‘The Kuki Society as a Group’ in Ahsijolneng Annual Magazine, Shillong: KSO publication, pp.20.
[10] Robert, ‘Kuki Church Unification’, op. cit. pp. 13.
[11] There was a crisis over Church estate (property) among the Mizos in Shillong based on denominational line.

Hang P, Local Journalism

ROLE OF MASS LITERACY AND LOCAL JOURNALISM IN THE PUBLIC SPHERE:
with special reference to Zou society [1]

Presented by:-
Mr. Hang P.MA (Sociology), JNU, New Delhi

ABSTRACT:
Laisim pen sangnaupang-te maimai nasep hilou a, mi zousia adia theina kibelapna ahia, tualeh “text-bu” maimai sim pen laisim chitah lou ahidan tami article in a tahlang hi. Laibu khawl a sut leh sim maimai hun tawh lou a, tami Zou kam a laibu ki “publish” um sunsunte kichup tah a kepbitna (archival documentation) a poimaw dan zong agen hi.

THU CHABI (KEY WORDS): lai simthei-gelhthei (literate), laigelh kepbitna (archives), hunbih nei a thusuo (journal), asung athu umte suina (content analysis)

MEANING OF MASS LITERACY“LITERATE” I CHI CHIENG in ‘simthei leh gielthei’ china ahi tangpi hi. Ham khat poupou a simthei gieltheite literacy rate kilahna a akisimtel jel hi. India sung ah Mizoram leh Kerela te literacy rate sangpente ahia, ngaituona khat ah sapham siem leh laisiem tam ding in ingaisut hi, ahikholsih hi. Amau ham (local dialect) a simthei leh gielthei atam zieh ua a literacy rate uh tam ahijaw hi.

Mass literacy ichi chieng in simthei gielthei guoh ahisih a, khotang hinkhuo a mitvahna (social awakening), social sense neina chilei jong achi thei ding hi. Kristian biehna igam a ahing lut apat nasatah in ikhotang hinkhuo uh ahing kikhel hi. Eima ham in Bible, Laiteng/Laizem ihing nei pan ta ua, mipi mitvahna lienpi ahing tut hi. Mass Literacy hatna ding in adieh in eima ham a laibu leh journal te nei apoimaw hi. Tualeh laisimna lam a mitvahna neite'n mawpuohna lienpi inei uhi. Amau'n athei nate uh midang hilsawn/piehsawn dan athei uh apoimaw hi. Laigiel tungtawn ahiei, Awareness Campaign ahiei, ahilouleh seminar/Workshop tungtawn in midang a pesawn thei uhi. Nam tawmnoukhat hinanlei sim leh maal a kithethang ihijieh in Seminar/Workshop leh Awareness Campaign te effective tah a bawl ding sil hamsapi hiding ahiman in Laigiel habawl khu ahoipen khat asuoh hi. Laibu ahiei, agielthaw ahiei in mun saupi a zel suoh thei a, tuaban ah gamgi jong bailamtah in akaan thei hi.

Ei Zou sung ah Journalism lam iniem lai mama ua, Journal hoitah genlou Newspaper khat beh jong inei jou naisih uhi. Journal leh Newspaperte ahileh window bang ahia, amau apat khovel ningli a siltungte I innsung ilupna tung ah imuthei hi. Ei Zoute'n eima ham in khatbeh inei sih ua, tuazieh in window neilou ina hi khinkhien ua, bangma I inn pulam a sil umte imuthei sih uhi. I mute uzong mi window apat I et ana hizaw hi. tuajieh in jong ahi khangtou hatlou a, mi iphahla na uh. Eima ham a ineilou chieng in ngaidan hoi pipi neite, thuhoi-lahoi theite'n jong akupna ding space inei sih ua, miham a umte alah vakup ding jong alem chan lou hun a umjel hi. `Mi a' (theirs) leh `Ei a' (Ours) chi in gen tampi anei hi. Mi khenkhat in apoimaw dan thei in ahing pankhe zel ua, hinanleh sawt dailou in abeimang suh jel hi.

Tuni tan a ei Zouham a Journal dan a peisawt pente ahileh Gospel Tangkou leh Kristian Tangkou tea hi. Tam tegel zong Kristian Journal ahijieh in secular ideate vakup na ding in alemtang sih a, jong asaitu te'n apom thei sih uhi. Kristian Journal ahi mabang in Kristian Hinkhuo, Ginna, Thumna poimawdan, Sawm-a-Khat poimawdante akisuo tangpi hi. Secular thute asuo vang mama ua, tuaban ah adahuoi mama khat kia ahileh denomination dungjui in readership/subscription a um kia nalai a, readership aneu khopmai hi. Inter-denominational circulation/subscription umlou chi ding phiel ahi. I laisuote nasan uh denomination in ipeisah ua, bangchi'n lungsim,tahsa leh bieha ah khat in I umthei mawng ding uai?

ROLE OF LOCAL JOURNALISM: THE TANGKOUS
Eima ham a Journal/Newspaper in nasatah in mipi lungsim ah na asem thei hi. ngaidan kupna, mun tuomtuom a siltungte kihilsawnna, kihillawhna te eima ham a inei chieng in ahing hithei pan ding hi. Hinanleh eite'n tambang a iham a laigiel suothei nading inei vawtsih ua, puohnat huoi isa uhi.UZO leh ZSP te maimai in jong mipi jahsah ding thusuo khat bawl ut uleh mi a avakawm uh angai nalai a, khat veivei alemtang lou hun a umtham ding hi. Laigiel tungtawn in mipi lungsim a seh(mould) thei a, mipi thuzawna hoipen khat ahi. World History a kigen minthang French revolution ichite jong agenthaw maimai hilou in agielthaw te jieh in mipi khanlawna nasatah atung a, tuachi'n revolution ahing pieng thei a, tuni'n gam khangtoute lah a khat a simtel ahita uhi. Tualeh India in jong Independence asuol lai in nasatah in laigiel tungtawn in mipi kung ah thuhilna anei ua, Bengal Gazette, Punjab Kesari chite mipi thuzawna ding a avanzat hoipen uh ana hi hi.

Tuabang in eite'n jong ilunggelte, I ngaidante gieldoh nading khat maimai neithei lei I nam sung ah khanlawna hingtut ngei ding a lam et ahi.

FACTORS AFFECTING LOCAL JOURNALISM
Eite society a Journalism lam hatlou jieh ahileh abihtah in market neujieh ahi, ichi thei chiet ua, hinanleh market neu sung a bangchi survive ding e chipen ingaisut ngaisih uhi. Sil khat photphot minautang in ahing pomdet a ahing pahtat nading in hun sawtpi alut hi. Tuahun sung a I survive leh inasep apeitou suoh ding hi. En tuahun sung jong survive joulou in isepte amitsuh jel hi. I lungsimneu jieh uh ahipen hi. Etsahna'n Lamka ah Cooking gas LPG ahing um tung lai in mitamjaw'n ana ngaisang kholsih a, sing leh meihol tamna gam ah Gas bang ding e chilawi, Bomb bang a puohkeh thei ahi chilawi pawl bang a um hi. Hinanleh hun tomkhat jou in leh tuni'n inn tamjaw ah LPG Cylinder mu in a umta hi. Tuahunlai in LPG Agency hing polut te ana lungke tale uh tuni in bangma ahisih ding ua, Annhuon dan jong tuni abang lou ding ahi. Business kichipen asawtjaw pouleh det deudeu in aphungching deudeu hi. Laigiel Laisuo jong business neujaw ahia, apeidan theisiem apoimaw hi.

Ei Zouham a Journal/Newspaper lawchin loujieh hi a kathei leh mudoh khat ahileh laisim ingaisang nai sih ua, sum senna tah in ikoi nai sih uhi. Mantamlou hinanleh eima sum a valei sang in mi leisa vasim ahiei vakhel chipen ichindan uh ahia, mi'n anei leh sim aneisih uleh simloute ihi uhi.Laisim khu student ading in ikoi ua, upa lamte'n lai simnonlou ding dan bang in ikoi mawh ua, upa zi leh ta neisa laibu tuomtuom sim a hunjang muding ivang mama hi. Tuabanah student te'n jong i syllabus uh chilou ngal laibu dang simding ingaituo khasih uhi. Laisim ingaithupi lou uleh bangchi'n laibu leina'n sum iseng ngap ma diei maw ! Laisim ithasiet zieh un lungsim leh vaihawmna ah mi iphasih uhi. Laisim tam khu aval lam koima'n tunita'n ana genkha naisih hi. Mithupi,miminthang tamjawte leh gamkhangtoute jong laibu tuomtuom asimna uapat a pilna hingnga a, lunggel hing neithei uh ahijaw hi. Laisim ithasiet jieh un I innpulam uh imupha sih ua, eima ngaidan leh deidan adihpen a koi a Pawlpi, Khosung, Nampi puihuoi sawmna lungtang inei uhi. Laisim ithasiet laisie uh mi iphala ding hi.

Tuaban ah Kristian journal hitalejong KT(Kristian Tangkou) jong kumkhat a subscription fee Rs.30/- maimai ahivang in koima'n pieh ding ngaisahlou ahiman in Issue teng ah Subscription Fee phulna Regular tah in tambang in akigiel jing hi ` Simtu deitah, na KT lahman dangka ______ nape naisih, hingpe ding in kang ngen hi'. Siljumhuoi tah ahi. Asimlou uchu bangdi'n a fee apema ding uai?KT en talei MGP in khochi'n ah Agent anei a, Agent te'n ana hawmsawn jel uhi. Hinanleh mitamjaw te'n nau eh sia na pou, ahisihleh inn ning khat ah leivui kaithelthul in akoi uhi. 8% to 10% vel maimai in lunglut tah in asim uh chi kamu hi.(Ka kholam ua ka mudan apat ahi.)

WHAT AFTER READING? ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTATION
I gensa bang in laibu manphatdan theilou in mi'n hun tampi, lungsim tampi lut a ahing bawlkhiehte eipawl in ehsiehna ding maimai in inei thei nalai uhi. Journal hoitah nei henlen sim masah paimang tawmtawm lei bang aphatuom diei? Laibu khat hing kisuokhei pen ahuntah in hoisih taleh jong hun hingpei jel ding kum bangjat ekhat jou chieng in gou manphatah ahing suohthei hi. Adieh in ei Zou sung ah laikepbitdan ding ngaipoimawna ina neikhasih ua, tuhun in buoina ituoh panpan ta uhi. Etsahna naipen in Zou sung ah gospel hinglut hunte bang ibuoipi ta ua, khat theidan leh khat theidan akibang tasih a, Golden Jubilee jah hun ding ajong ikisel buoi ta uhi. Written in ana um ngei ding a hinanleh ana kepbit loujieh uh ahi mai hi. Oral History pen kingah theina tahtah hilou a, tunia umte khatvei chieng a umnonlou ding ahijieh in. Tuaban ah ei Delhi a Zou umte'n jong ipilvang sihleh mailam ah kiselbuoi theina ding khat in ahing ngah gige in kamu hi. Delhi ZSP kiphukhiehdan, amun leh Phutkhe tute kigeilna Record tuni'n muding in a umnon sih a, Silver Jubilee, Golden Jubilee te hing jang utlei abuoihuoi ding abang ta hi. Tuni'n nang leh ke'n ithei ua, hinanleh nang leh kei I um gige khol sih ding hi.
Tuajieh in asuokhieh leh sim maimai hilou in akepbit dan jong ithei uh apoimaw kia hi. Laibu khat hing kisuo, Journal a Article hing kisuo te ahileh ahun tawh kituoha kigiel ahi tangpi a, tuajieh in khonung chieng in hunpeisate etkiana leh isociety etkiana ding a vanzat hoipen ahing suohjel hi. Tuathamlou in midang tawh correspondence inei na laite leh Personal Diary vel bang hoitah a maintain ibawl thei leh eima a ding in phattuomna tampi a um maithei hi.

NEED OF THE TIME
Tunia khanglaite'n ibawl ding ua poimaw pen ahileh laibu tamsim leh ineisun te kepbit ding ban ah eima ham a Journal neithei nading panlah ding ahi. Laibu itam sim laisia I lungsim ngaituona alien deudeu a, itheina jong akibe guoh hilou in silpei ding dante jong ihing thei thei hi. Munchi'n gamchi'n totsuoh nading ineisa'n chinlou ahijieh in ibawlthei pen i innmun a laibu tuomtuom sim in gam tampi mun tampi ituonsuoh thei hi. Laisim pibawl in, ihun awng neisun te uh houlim nopna maimai a zangbei lou in laibu tuomtuom simna'n neisawm ta vai. Laisim Hobby a neisawm chiet ding in panla vai.

CASE STUDY OF KRISTIAN TANGKOU (An Organ of Manipur Gam Presbyterian)Period Of Study: June 2000 To January 2005 (Vol.27 to Vol. 33, No. I)

Contents Analysis
Secular Journal neilou ihijieh un [2], Journal inei sun uh copy kamu theipen KT case study ding in kahing lamai hi. KT sung a thu kigiel te ahileh Kristian hinkhuo, Kristian Innkuon, Hattuom tawh kisai leh Pawlpi gindan tawh kisai thute ahia, article tamzawte Bible pansan leh Bible toh kituoh a giel ahi tangpi hi. Kristian unau khat leh khat kihanthawnna, thumna nei dingdan, chite aki uong gen mama hi. Secular article akisuo vang mama hi. Secular article dan a mutheite ahileh ZCC-MGP kigawm ding hoisahna thu, Zou laiteng zahdan tawh kisai, BSEM in Zou MIL approve abawlthu, 6th Schedule tawh kisai, Mr. Muonthang, IFS Interview na thute ahi. A sunga thute khovel thu tawh kisai atawm ban ah, a Journal quality a hoi hetsih a, spelling error atam ban ah arrangement jong akitup sih a, sim hahsa mama hi. July 2002 apat Computer/ Offset Printing in akisuo pan a, simtha nuam umdeu in spelling error jong atawm deuta hi. Tuaban ah Editor ahing kihenga, quality improve ahi ban ah contents jong nahpi'n improve ahing bawl hi. Editorial jong secular Idea ahing lut deu ta hi. Nidang a kisuo ngailou thute – Manipur Assembly election Result, World Cup Football thute detail tah in akisuo a, tualeh Column thah Health Column jong ahing pankhia hi. Health Column sung ah Malaria apat kiveng ding dan, Damdawi tuomtuom poimawdan leh zahding dan te tahlang in a um hi. tualeh December 2004 apat cover page colour in akisuo a, etlawm in thanop ahuoi deu ta hi.

Article te ahileh atamjaw Pastorte, Upate, Local Upate, Khanglai Lamkaite, NumeiPawl Lamkaite leh khosung Hattuom a mi kijangte giel ahi tangpi a, minautang (lay person) in agiel tawm mama hi. Article gieltute hina enlei asuon huoi taluo umlou chimai ding ahi. Laisimna lam ah BA,BD,neite asang pawlte ahi uhi. (Amau kasimmawna ahisih a isociety dinmun uh ka gen utna ahijaw hi). Ahileh I laisiem neisunte uh heilang a umta? Tami'n a etsah ahileh lailam a zilna sang nei itawm ban ah, a umsun te'n jong society puohnatna inei sih ua, apawnate'n jong ngaidan kupna ding space inei sih uhi. KT alah secular article te suotheilou dingdan in ngaidan inei zel ua.

WHAT CAN BE DONE?
Zoham in secular journal, Newspaper inei sih uhi chi ithei ua, tua ahileh khattei beh nei ding in hoi isa uai? Ahisihleh ineisunte uh KT, GT(Gospel Tangkou) te puophat a huoplet sah ding hoi isa uai ? ei society a laikisuote sawt dailou dan igenta ua, tua ahileh sawtpi ana peita ban ah phungdet sa jong ana hi KT leh GT te huoplet sah khu option hoipen khat asuoh hi. KT leh GT te Kristian journal ahima hi, hinanleh khovel a siltung thupi leh poimawte (world important events) khenkhat tuonsah in bang asietna a um diei? Kristian gindan tawh akikalna bang a um a. Etsahna'n America'n Presidential Election thute leh Tsunami tangthu te tuongsah lei singtang dawn a um inaupi te ading in nah phattuom nava e maw! Ei town sung a umte'n pen eiham a aum louvang in hamdang ah idei teng ina simthei jel ua, hinanleh I unaupi singtang a umte ading in KT, GT khu khovel amutheina umsun uh ahi ding hi. Kristian hinkhuo a iki hasawt bang in khovel lam thu/siltungte zong kihil sawn lei tusang a nahpi a ilungsim uh apichin gintat ahi. Pasienthu jong ipoimaw ua, tahsa a hinglai ihijieh in khovel thujong ipoimaw uhi. Mizoram ah Presbyterian Pawlpi in nasatah in gamsung vaihawmna ah thuneina aneithei uhi. Amau'n khovelthu chi'n ngaisah sih le uh tuni in tambang in khangtou lou amaithei uh ahi. Eilawi in Pasienthu leh Khovelthu pen Ui leh Keel bang in ikoi pawngsan ua, adihlou na chieng a um hi. I Journal neisunte uh Quality, Quantity leh Scope of Contents nahpi a puohphat a huoplien sah apoimaw ban ah, ngainatna nei a sim kithalawp sah imawpuohna uh hi in ka thei hi.

Notes & References:

[1] Tami thului (paper) ahileh Zou Workshop Delhi (April 2005), Greater Kailash I, a Tv. Paulianhang (Hang P) in a luikhiat ahi. Tun <http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ZouWorkshop/message> sung ah zong sim thei ta hi.
[2] Tami paper presentation a kibawl lai tah April 2005 in Zopatong (Lamka apat kisun pen) kipan nai lou hi.

T. Zamlunmang, Muanna-le-bitna

Singneimi lamkai hiphuot lih leh leng! 

[Tami article “Zou Workshop” (Message, 19 Sept. 2005) apat hing kilasawn ahi. I gam a muanna-le-bitna poimaw dan genna ahia, hinanleh helna bawlte “point of view” zang a kigelh ahi].

By Luther T. Zoulunmang, Delhi, India E-mail: lutherzo@yahoo.com 

BANG ZIEH A tam bang thulu zang a lai a’ng gel adiei, a ngol di kisa khat ata diei, ahisih leh bang a ngaisutna mawng mawng a tachibang thute tamna a’ngsuo adiei chi’n na lung himaw maithei. Ngaisut lawm mawng zong ahina hi. Khovel a tazapi bawl di leh sah dih um a, a bang zieh pen tah a underground leader hinuom sese laizang? Nidang lai in, kam a pat thu pawt in ki taihil in, mite kisiemtha thei a, ki giingsah thei hi. Kam a thu pawt koima’n agiin nawnlou chieng in, chieng toh ana kitaihil jel hi. Naupang ahoi diing na deisah leh chieng toh sawi in chi na hi ahiman in. Hinanleh tuhun chieng in koima chieng leh jeep a thungai leh siemthe thei a um nawn tasih hi. Tua ahiman in, singneimi lamkai kihi henlen, thauvui, thautang toh Zo suonte ahoilam in kitai hil leh chi kupnuomna toh tam lai hing kigiel ahi zawbou hi. Singneimi a pang nuom eisa khava u chiei! Hilaizang sing ei. Singneimi lamkai hiphuot lihleh leng tamte bawl hoi kasa hi. Tulai jaat (tribe) chin in mani singneimi kinei chietta ahiman in, koi jaat dangte poi khoilou ham kasawm ding hi. Tulaitah in bawl thei kisa in, i simmaw jaat tawmte tung ah siah (tax) vakhon lihleh phuot lei, ni khat ni chie i gaal ding a guuh a kisiemdap ana kihi khiinkhien ahiman in, tuate bawl mawng mawng lou leh ngaisut a zong neilou kasawm ding hi. 

Manipur a eimite buoina zengzungte pi khat in khat tung a tax chivel adon zieh uh alehluh veleh. Singneimi lamkai hiphuot lihleh leng, koi jaat dang, hamtuomte mun-le-muol, alamsa uh in-le-lou, aneisa uh sing-le-suong, alawsa uh sum-le-paai tualeh thagim a ahawsuo uh bu-le-baalte tung ah thunei sawm in vaihawm lihleh sih veng aw. Tua malah salah ah, tua bang ngaisut aum leh hoitah a kihouna toh suh chimit kasawm laizang sih diei. Singneimi lamkai hiphuot leng moh, politiks, banglitiks, suoilitiks chivel a kisuh minsiet chite zumhuoi kasah lampang anahi diing dan ahi. Mipi deiteelna leh vawihawmna toh khotaang leh sakhuo lampang a pei zang zinzen pen ka siltup hi zing diing dan ahi. Sum themkhat lunggulna toh pawlmin suhmin siet chouh hilou, namsung, gam sung ei lawl hankhu kihong bang zieh a athulimlou diing pen sii toh kibang kasahte khat ahi. Singneimi lamkai hileng, ka dictionary a thuteng kimujou lou diingte: bias, partiality, obliquity, oblique line, greater weight on one side, prejudice, preproposess, favouring one party/person, opponent leh a dng. dngte ahi. Tuathamlou in, singneimi lamkai hileng, kanei a Zogam tangvalte pen koima’n nang tuami tuate pawl chi vakeute hilou in, singneimi ahilam uh zong koima’n athei lou di’n, umdan kilawm theitawp kahil sam sih diei. 

Pil vang tah leh gamtat khohei kilawm theitawp zang leh, kamsiem theitawp ban ah, michin panpi angaina bang a panpi di’n ki thuhil ngeng nong ven aw. Samsau niapnuop, toka kawng tobou a kikhai deepduup chite um lou di atazang veh. Kakhawh ngai kia diing khat khuuu…Ofisar hi ngal buongsam, a mipite panpi naahsaang a a lawl adiing toh buoi a, neeguuh chiingte ahileh thautang toh aheisung munkhat hawmjen a negu nawn sin aw saap, chi’a gel hawmsah peng pung dih. Tualeh apoimaw pen a kangaisut diing khat ahileh, michin, namchin, hamchin leh jaat chin toh kituo leh muonna leh bitna neitheina di’a panlatu khat hi zing diing, “U*naute aw, lung kituah a umkhawm khu nuom hina meijen e”. Lemna, muonna leh bitna um theina di’n michin tung ah kinga a, mikhat muonna umna di’a thuneina a unpi’a apuo hisam lou ahi. Nang-le-ke’n zong mawpuohna lienpi kinei hi. I gam sung ah, thau tawi leh thau tawite’n kilemna anei uh a ngai a, atawi loute’n zong atawite panpi theina lampi nempi aum hi. Tangval thau tawi chiet chiet koi e, ikichi laisie’n I gam sung ah muonna-le-bitna um theilou ding ahiman in, khat thau tawi in zong atawi dangte kaaplum thei ahiman in, ki theisiemna toh Zogam juun angaita hi. Amasa in thautawite kituoh thei phot phot uh leh alampi hing um nava chi’ng.

Rev. Hangpi, Book Review

Kisinsahna Piching Leh Kiselbuh

Rev. Hangpi Manlun, Khristian Thugin Zilna Bu (2004)
MGP Publications, Churachandpur; Aman Rs. … ; pp. 117 + viii; No illustrations. Paperback.

KUM 1988 VEL a Sunday Skul a Senior pawl ka hilai in Behiang ah ka om nalai a, tuami zou in Imphal ah skul kai di’n a hing kisawl pai ta hi. Tuami hun apat kum 15 val a pei ta a, hinanleh Sunday Skul (SS) a Senior pawl te’n text bu ka nei lou lam uh ka thei na lai hi. “Izip to Kanaan” zou in SS subject tawi ding ka nei non sih ua, Sawltahte Nasep Bible Study dan in ka sim zel uhi. Tua ziah in 2004 a kisun, “Khristian Thugin” pen Senior Pawl zil dia kibawl ahiziah in, naupang SS leh Zou khristian literature a dia khanletna thupi tah a ngaisut thei ahi.

Pu Hangpi in laibu (books) tampi banah, hunbihnei tanchinbute (periodicals) tanpha enton in tami text-bu ahing gelh hi. “Khristian Thugin” ahileh Khen 10 a kikhen ahia, tami thulute a huam pha hi: Bible, Paisian, Mihing, Hagau Siangthou, Hundamna, Sacrament, Hattuam leh Gingtute Mopuahna. Tami thulu te’n Tapidawte doctrine poimaw teng a tuun (cover) suah a, hinaleh ei Zou context leh Senior pawl-te lunglutna level toh kituah a tami thulute hilchet ding kisam zel hi.

BIBLE (LAISIANGTHOU) TANCHIN
“Khristian Thugin” in Bible toh kisai thu tampi a gentel hi. Bible chi kamteng umzia, huhakhumna leh Aprocrypha, gelh masatna hamte leh a kekhiatna chite a suut hi. Tami Khen 1 na ahileh “Bible Chanchin” (1990), Rev. Raltawnga gelh apat tampi enton hi di’n i gingta hi. Tami toh kisai in Rev. Dr. Zairema gelh “Kan Bible Hi” (2003) chi laibu hoi mama khat a kisun man kia ta a, etton ding tampi a um ngei ding hi. Tami khenpi sung a Bible translation toh kisai in Septuagin, Latin Vulgate, English leh German translation-te maimai bukim lou hi. Ei Zo minamte ham a Bible lekhiatna tangthu poimaw tah zong syllabus a telsah ding kisam hi. Zou sung ah Bible translation in kikhenna a hing tutdan uang gen ding hi zaw lou in, Zou Bible te’n Tapidaw hina leh i ham-le-pau a kepbitdan uang gen ding a dei huai zaw hi. Rev. Khup Za Go gelh “Bible Translations among the Zo People in Northeast India” (1996) leh Frederick S. Downs gelh “Essays on Christianity in Northeast India” (1994) chite bang tami lam a din reference manpha ahi ding uhi.

PASIAN LEH MIHING THU TOH KISAI
Khristian kisinsahna tampi Pasian hina (Trinity) leh mihing dinmun toh kisai ahi zing hi. Pu Hangpi in Trinity a gen ban ah Hagau Siangthou thu Khenpi 6 na sung a atuam vilvel in a sut kia sawnsawn hi. Trinity kigenna Khenpi 3 na sung a zong a ni a gawm khawm thei tah luat ahi. Mihing toh kisai hilchetnate a tomkim thei mama a, Bible thuhilna leh tuami philosophical context kiselbuh tah in a tahlang hi. Khenpi 4 “Mihing” chi sung a “Tahsa leh Hagau Thu” (peh 42) chi pen kichian zaw sem a hilchet ding kisam hi. Aziahpen tami thu toh kisai in Zou sung ah ngaidan dih lou tampi a um zou ta a, mihing hina bukim Bible thuhilna kisam hi. Tami mihing umzia toh kisai a Pu Hangpi thugen pen kiselbuh mama hi:
“Bible in ang hildan tangpi khu mihing in tahsa leh hagau ahuoptel hi… Greek leh Hindu khenkhat in tahsa leh hagau khu a gen tuom ua, a kidousah uh hi. Ahinlah Bible in gendang tuom selou in pumkhat ahina a gen uong hi. Tahsa leh hagau chi khun mihing pumpi a huop a, hagau tellou in tahsa khu ashi ahi … Pasian in tahsa angaikhoh dan khu am angel khu tahsa nei in ang pieng a, damloute zong asudam a, gilkielte zong nehdiing ana pie hi” (p. 42).

Ei India Mal-suah lam a evangelical Khristiante lah ah tahsa leh hagau thu nasatah in kikhen hi. Hagaumi kisa te’n khovel siatlei tuang nuasia a, huiva bang a thangvan tun ding maimai lunggel uhi. Pasian deilam van a bawl ahibang a lei a zong bawl ding ahilam manghil ua, kilepmang sawm gige uhi (escapism). Mikhialte ziah hi lou in, Khristian mihoite kikangkoi ziah a i gam-le-nam, i hattuam leh society sung buai ahi ta hi. I teenna khovel apat Khristiante kithasiat bawl ua (alienation), i khotang leh minam siamhoina ding in ngaikhona (involvement) kitasam hi. Tami lam thu toh kisai in John R.W. Stott gelh “New Issues Facing Christians Today” (1999) [1] a manpha pen ding hi. John Stott ahileh evangelical lamkai leh laigelh minthang mama ahia, tuni tan in London ah um in a dam nalai hi.

HUTDANMA THUGIN HUAP LETDAN
Pu Hangpi in Kenpi 7 na sung ah hutdamna chi thum – tu le tu a hutdamna, dachiang in hutdamna, leh hutdamna bukim – chite a gentel hi. Tualeh Khrist Jesu tatna letdan leh huapzoudan zong tamlou a gen belap hi. Tami pen kichian zaw sem a hilchet din ahoi hoi. Hutdamna nasep in mihing hagau leh tahsa huam a, silsiamte tanpha zong tuun phaban hi. Ei singtangmi Zou kampau singtang louhoumite a di’n tami gospel a kisam petma ta hi. Mangpa Jesu’n “Mual-aipate khandan en vawi un …” ana chia, i ngaisutna Pasian silsiamte lam a koi din a hing hanthon gige hi. I gam ah silsiamte dinmun leh hutdamna kizopdan kinelsia mama hi. Pasian in Eden huan suse ding hilou a, kepbit leh enkol din mihingte thu apia hi. “Gam chin ah kuan unlen Tanchinpha gen koi un” chi i evangelical mandate ahima bang in, “Silsiamte kepbit ding” zong i “ecological mandate” ahi ngal hi. Rev. Zairema in “Isua hnathawh-chhandamna thu” [2] chi a gelhna ah tahsa hundamna leh minam hutdamna umzia a gen hi.

HATTUAM LEH SACRAMENT-TE ETDAN THA
Sacrament-te toh kisai bukim tah a gen ahiziah in bangma belap ding tuan a um seng sih hi. Hattuam toh kisai a thu vantangte zong a hun a, hinanleh India Mal-suah lam a Presbyterian hattuam hing piandan toh kisai pen bukim zou lou deu hi. Welsh Calvinistic Presbyterian Mission in Lushei leh Khasi mite lah a tanchinpha a gendan uh tomkim zong gen ngai hi. Tami adin Dr. Mangkhosat Kipgen [3] gelh, “Christianity and Mizo Culture” (1997) leh F.S.Downs laibute enton din a hoi mama uhi. Tualeh 1976 MGP-ZCC kikhen ma a Manipur Zou kampaute Presbyterian a a-um lai huntan uh zong syllabus a telsah ding poimo hi. Tualeh mission khanthu i gen chiang in version tampi um thei gige a, tuaziahin tangthu zousia “ecumenical perspective” a gelh ding a dei huai pen hi. Kikhenna ding leh kimudana ding a tangthu suut ding hilou in, kilemna ding leh khantouna ding “ecumenical” lungsim piching kua ngai hi.

GINGTU ZOUSIA MOPUAHNA LEH CHOUNATE
Khenpi 10 na ah gintu zousia bawl dingte tahlat ahi. Tami sung ah mimal a devotional hinkhua, silpiah a nasep, mission nasep leh khawlni tang a kikhopna poimaw dan Pu Hangpi in a gen kha hi. Tami teng ban ah Khristian-te khotang mopuahna (social obligations) toh kisai Billy Graham [4] in a gente zong zetel din a hoi mama hi.

Tami thulute ban ah Khristian numei dinmun (gender issues) toh kisai zong tam lou gentel thei ahi. Ei singtangmite lah a numei in hattuam, khotang leh innsung ah dinmun niam tah a nei nalai hi. Tami thute theological perspective a hilchet kisam a, pasal in numei dinmun theisiam kisam ta hi. Tulai tah a Lalrinkimi in edit abawl, “Agape” [5] chi tanchinbu 1989 apat hasim in Aizawl Synod Press apat na kisun ta a, tami tanchinbu in numei (gender) toh kisai thute a ngaikhoh hi. “Agape” apat laigelh khenkhat ei Zou hattuamte context a din zong zatthei ahi. Tualeh Mission leh Development kikal zong tomkim a hilchet dia hoi ahi. Bible in, “Mi gilkial khat kung ah, vah tah leh tai tah in pei in, chi la chin bang a phatuam diai?” (James 2: 15–16) ana chi hi. Development pen solkal-te maimai nasep ding hilou a, mission nasep nadia khutlai poimo pen ahi. Skul, laisim, nesui-tahsui leh veng-le-paam a khantouna (development) pen Tapidaw-te khotang mopuahna hiphaban ahi chi i nelsia ziah un i hattuam leh minam te’n tuantual loh uhi.

THU-VAIHAH (CONCLUDING REMARKS)
Tam a tung a i thu kikupnate tup-le-nim ahileh Nipi Saang kisinsahna piching leh kiselbuh zawh sem nei ding ahi. Tuami ding in laibu peh khansah a, amelpuah dan mama zong kilawm leh laimal sim nop huai zaw dia bawl thei ahi. Pawlpi zousia (adiah a Zou Synod leh ELCC) in SS syllabus atuam-apai a bawl sese lou a, SS Text Book Committee khat nuai a bawl khawm thei ahi mai hi. Tuahileh laibu copy tam zaw, kiman zaw leh changkang zaw in kisun thei ding a, Zou Tapidaw zousia hamphatna ding ahi ngal hi. English gen lou, Mizo ham nasan sim thei lou Zou kampau mi tampi ki-um ahiziah in, eima ham a Khristian literature kiningching nei ding lunggul huai hi. Tami i tangtun theina din Zou Synod leh ELCC in “literature partnership” nei a, lamkaihna a lah ngai ta hi. Tu-le-tu dinmun in, Zomi Christian Literature Committee (ZCLC) in Bible lehna dia joint project aneite leh Zou Synod leh ELCC in partnership a labu a sut sawmte khantou vai mama hi. ZCLC ma in piching leh naupang Sunday Skul subject teng partnership a sut ahitheina din pan hing la thei leh Zou sung ah Khristian literature in masawn thei pan ding hi.
Aw nou Zou tapidaw literature khankhua ding khualte’n
Houlung tuah in i louma uh hing zuun khawm ta un;
Zodawn luitate bang a i luan khawn lai teng
Mangpa leh i gam a din silthupite i mualsua ngei dia
Thudih deina leh theina laigil apat michin tong kikum ta ding.

David Vumlallian Zou, Belfast, UK
_______________

Endnotes
[1] Stott, John R.W. (1999) “New Issues Facing Christians Today” London: Marshall Pickering. Tami laibu Indian edition zong um a, a version lui pen ahileh “Issues Facing Christians Today” kichi hi.
[2] Zairema, Rev. Dr. (2003) “Isua hnathawh-chhandamna thu” in Kan Bible Hi. Aizawl: Self-published; pp. 273 – 303.
[3] Kipgen, Dr. Mangkhosat (1997) “Christianity and Mizo Culture: The Encounter between Christianity and Zo Culture in Mizoram. Aizawl: Mizo Theological Conference.
[4] Graham, Billy (1984) “Social Obligations of a Christian” or “Am I My Brother’s Keeper?” in Peace with God.
[5] “Agape” (1986 apat kisun) ban ah “Didakhe” (1972) apat kisun tanchinbute Mizo ham simtheite a din subscribe tah mama ahi uhi. “Agape” ahileh numei lamkaite adin a hoi hi. “Didakhe” pen pastor, evangelist, hattuam upa leh mission worker-te a din a hoi diah khol hi. Ahitheileh, Zou sung a hattuam chin in tami tanchinbute subscribe ding deisah ahi. A suntute ahileh Synod Office, Mission Veng, Aizawl ahi uhi.

Lun Samte, Identity Crisis

IMAGINING BELONGINGNESS

[In a chance encounter with a curious Indian friend in Delhi, the author finds himself caught in the task of unveiling layer by layer the intricacies of identity consciousness in Manipur valley and the segmentary hill society to which he belongs. The existing binary imaginations of community identity as mainstream v/s Northeast, valley Manipuri v/s hill tribals, Kuki v/s Zomi ethnic clubs fail to give any sense of belongingness to any place or people. This experience of anomie lends a radical air to the tone of this writing which rather incidentally has faint echoes of the “Angry Young Men” writings of post-War British literature] 

 By Haumuanlun Samte ONE EVENING I boarded a blue line bus to meet my cousin brother residing in North Delhi from Satya Niketan bus-stand. He called me the previous night telling me come and get some important papers from him. As usual, the moment I got into the bus I heard someone calling out "Hey, Bahadur!" I pretended hearing nothing, and didn't bother to know to whom it was addressed. Such insulting words hurled at us, northeastern tribals is now quite a common experience. I'm beginning to grow up with it now. My take here is that it's all part of a modern city life! However, calling someone by the name of Chinky, Nepali, Bahadur or whatever, just because of a facial difference is awfully difficult to comprehend. You may be a Khasi, a Naga, a Mizo/ Zomi, a Kuki or a Meitei, but you face the same humiliation all in all, here in Delhi. I wonder what may be the situation in the other cities of our mainland India. Whether you subscribed to it or not, the mindset of the mainland Indians are transfixed to the belief that we, northeasterners, are inferior to them in every way and this has a deep psychological root in the minds of the people which had started from generations past and would continue through generations to come. I often asked myself, why don't they call us Japanese, Chinese or Korean instead? Why Nepali? Why Bahadur? As I rode on the bus, my mind got wholly taken up with reminiscences of all the past experiences I had gone through. 

From the moment I stepped down at the New Delhi train station in June 2004 - the sneaky auto-driver, the brutal bus conductor, the first day at my college where I was ragged thrice, the cunning landlord, et seq. - to this day I had been going through innumerable mental distresses as a result of treatments meted out by the brute majority for the sole reason being I'm from the Northeast. All these reminiscences made the blood in me boil. But I could not do anything about it. Nor do I have the power to change the past now. The man who was sitting next to me seemed quite a gentleman. He was well dressed and had a friendly, cheerful face. His eyes tells me that he qenuinely had an interested in me for some reasons untold to me. The man introduced himself, "Hi, I'm Ravish," and I responded, "I'm Lun" After spelling out and teaching him how to pronounce my name correctly, we began to converse intimately. At some point he said to me, "You must be from Manipur," and I asked him how could he said that. He said he just guessed it. I was not surprised at all, but wondered how the hell did he guess!? "I'm not from Manipur," I told him point-blank. You don't know how I hate to be called a Manipuri, and that I come from Manipur. Most of the times when people asked me where I was from, I usually told them that I was, rather, from Mizoram or Nagaland. The sound of my own voice responding to someone with 'I come from Manipur' struck me as if a dead blow which, I thought, is more scandalizing than when someone out there called me a 'Chinky'. "Most of the guys I have met from the Northeast are from Manipur, and I thought that you too are from there," he said. "Um hum," I responded dismally. "By the way where are you from?" he asked me. "I come from Zoland - the land of the Zo people." 

By this time, I began to feel weary talking and thought that, with this he would stop asking me questions. But I was wrong. He seemed to be more and more enthusiastic about our new topic of discussion, and even told me that Regionalism and Linguistics had once been his chosen career. "Where is that place?" I now felt sorry that I talked to him in the first place. "Well, it's a long story. You would never know where I come from. Nobody would know that's because I don't know myself where I belong." "I mean, like, the place where you are permanently residing? You had told me that you are a northeasterner. I had never heard of such a place. Is it somewhere in Nagaland, Mizoram, Meghalaya, or somewhere else?" To me this guy was still a mystery. He was innocent, polite, friendly, humble, truthful, outspoken. And, curious. For the sake of intimacy we had just created, I began narrating to him who I am and where I belong. "We are a people, who are independent and secluded from time immemorial. We had our own rajas and chiefs who looked upon our welfare. However, our identity began to erode with the advent of western imperialism, like you had faced a couple of centuries ago. 

By the middle of the past century, when the Queen of England left India our land got demarcated into separate countries, and at the present day, we are being cut across by three countries, India, Myanmar and Bangladesh. Her Majesty, the Queen had done a terrible tragedy upon us for leaving ourselves to our own fate. And worst, she never knew her mistake." Ravish listened to me attentively. I was wholly engrossed by my own verbalization and I didn't even give him a chance to open his mouth anymore. Whether he is interested in all that I have said or not, didn't matter. My own enthusiasm let me went on and on. Which is what I did. And, thanks to his curiosity, he didn't lose his interest either. I went on. "Actually, I'm coming from the state of Manipur but you cannot call me a Manipuri. Our place is called 'Outer Manipur' and we are alienated from the real state." He seemed amazed at this. "Exactly like the people of mainland India treated the northeasterners as if they are foreigners and that too, with pure humiliation, we are treated as different people in our own tiny state. 

All channels of growth have been barred for us. Our interests and traditions are like topsy-turvy with those of the plain people." He agreed to what I said. I awaited some questions from him, but he was rather looking for an answer on my face. So, I continued. "The condition of our people, and of our land is quite singularly different. I bet no political ideology in this world would have suited us. Though small, secluded and demeaned, we fought amongst ourselves and killed our own brothers due to identity crises. Among us. Between us. "Which is why I had told you I don't know where I belong. I do know that I'm a Zomi, but the land I referred to as the place I'm coming from, called Zoland, is only a dreamland. But, be assured, one thing is for sure. I come from a place somewhere I belong." The snarling traffic got a sigh and our bus speeded up for a moment. Now we were nearing my stop. We exchanged some more friendly words and then, bidding goodbye I stood up from my seat and dashed off.

Zou Writers' Network

ZOU WRITERS' NETWORK (ZWN): VISION STATEMENT

Zou kam a journal tha Zopatong (2005 apat) akipat khiat toh kituah in Zou kam a laigelh tute thu kikupna ding Network khat poimaw a kisa hi. Zopatong platform piching ahitheina din, Zou sung a laigelh-tute bang tan ama “professional convention” te kitheisah ngai hi. “No journal can be better than its authors (contributors)” chi ahi. Tami din Support Network hoitah bawl ding poimaw kia hi. Zou Writers’ Network khat pan thei lei, ei sung a laigelh-tute ki-train na leh experience kipiah tuahna khat hing sua ding hi.

Zou sung a laigelh lunglut leh “writing talent” nei deute teng kihanthawn tuana ding leh khat-le-khat experience ki-share tuahna din Zou Writers’ Network (ZWN) kibawl leh, phattuamna tampi um va chin gintat ahuai hi. Zou kam a laigelh lunglut mi mun tuamtuam ah na um thei kawikawi hi. Lamka khosung leh a kimvel a singtang khaw-te ban ah, Zou kam a laigelh ngaikhoh mi India khopi tuamtuam ah zong ki-um panpan ta hi. Manipur pulam a Zou laigelh-tute toh kizopna hoi pen khat ahileh Internet (e- mail/groupmail) ahi ding hi. Tualeh Manipur sung a umte pen tahsa mama a zong kimu thei zel ahi.

ZWN Tup-le-nimte
1. Community Development: Zou society khantouna dia poimaw ngaidan thate suikhiat a, mipi theisiam dia laidal leh laikung tung tawn a thezah ding.
2. Literary Maturity: Zou ham dopsangna dia laigelh dan chi tuamtuam (diverse genre) puahlut ding: tangthu tom, lagui, thului, limpie, feature article, academic paper, adg.
3. Professionalism: Zou kam a laigelh-tute khat leh khat kithuzah a, kidopkang tuah ding; ahithei tan a, khat laigelh midang khat in etdihna “peer review” leh “book review” bawl zel ding.
4. Networking: Akal lah a laigelh-tute’n kimutuahna leh thu kikupna nei zel ding: reading session, seminar, symposium, workshop, adg. Zou sung a laibu kisun tha leh thesis kigel tha a um chiang a, ZWN in tami thu kigelh thate pansan a Reading Session nei zel a, tuachia “book review” bawl ding mi khat kiguat zel ding.
5. Information Sharing: Laigelh-tu a upa lam leh khanglai-te experience ki-kup a, ki-share tuah zel ding; tualeh ngentel tah a laigelh na dia kisam resources (laibu, journal, bibliography leh library-te) zong a poimaw bang a ki-share ding.

Organizational Structure
ZWN ahileh “net-based” sim ding ahia, hinanleh organization peidan tangpi bang in Convener leh Co-convener zong Lamka khopi pansan in a um veve ding hi. Tualeh e-mail zang te kithuzahna din group Moderator khat a um ding hi. Convener or Co-convener mopuahna thupi pen ahileh Lamka a Reading Sessions, Seminars, Workshops, adg. apoimaw leh kul bang a bawl zel ding ahi.

First Proposed Workshop, Lamka
Research Article Gelhdan: Literature Review leh Bibliography
Research Article Gelhdan: “Perspective” leh “Source” Kikupna
“Book Review” Bawldan Tangpi
“Peer Review” Umdan Hilchetna
“Reading Group” (Laisim Gual) Bawldan
Internet Literacy: Group mail, E-Mail, Attachment, Google search

“The concept of information as we use it in everyday English in the sense of knowledge communicated plays a central role in today's society … Information is anything that is of importance in answering a question. Anything can be information … Knowledge is information-produced belief”.

- Rafael Capurro & Hjørland (2003)
"The Concept of Information", ARIST

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This blog has been open for information-sharing of Zou writers.