20 January 2022

Gam neitu hina (real property)


David Vumlallian Zou, PhD
History Department
University of Delhi
 
Khongjom Gal a Sapkang British te leh Meitei te a kido zo nua sawt lo, 1897 kum in Rev. William Pettigrew leh a zi zong singtang gam Ukhrul khua ahing tung uhi. Tami mun apat Kangpokpi mission kibelap a, tua chi’n ei Lamka biel tan Gospel in a hing zeel ta hi. American Baptist leh Welsh mission te’n kamteng a sermon maimai bawl lo in, ahindan un thu a gen hi. Theilo kal in, Tumlam Gam khankhua toh I khanglui chiindan tampi himlang bang in ang ensah uhi. Tami Sapgam te himlang um lo in, Zo tawndan kichian tah a muthei ahi zel sih hi. 

 

Ukhrul hausapu Raihao phalna toh Pettigrew te nupa in bi inn (thatched house) khat a lam ua, khosung a bi inn dang te toh akikhe sih hi. Hinanleh 1901 in dollar 2,800 bei in siakang inn lianpi dettah in ana lam tha uhi. Mistri te Phaipi apat ahia, siakangte America apat hing kithot vengveng ahi. 1920 kum in Ukhrul mission station apat Kangpokpi a kituan ding in thu ahing um hi. Ukhrul inn tha pen akithop lam ahi sia, neitu hina (property) kichian a, zuah thei leh sum a leithei ahi. 

 

Bara Sap (Political Agent) Maxwell in, Khongjom Gal zo in gam leh lou patta te Phai dung ah ana pan ta hi. Hinanleh Manipur singtang gam ah gam patta leh gam neitu hina kichian a um thei sih hi. 

 

1920 kum masang tan in, ei Manipur singtang ah innmun leh gam (real estate) sum a kizua leh kilei chi record muding a vang mama hi. Kei theina tan ah, um lo phial hi mai. American Baptist Mission in Ukhrul inn pen Manipur solkar kung ah dollar 3,300 in ana zuah hi. Khummi kum ma in, American Baptist te report in hichin a gen hi:

“1920: The State has granted for the Mission 212 acres of wild land covered with small oak and grass jungle on the mountain side contiguous to the Kangpokpi Inspection Bungalow.”  

(1920: Kangpokpi Inspector Bungalow gei ah, Solkar in gangpi leh loupa gam mang acre 212 alian Mission kung ah a pekhie hi). 

 

Manipur solkar in Mission gam apiah pen sum a kilei patta (title) amah, ahisih leh “lease” (gam kisaap) amah chi i theichian sih hi. Tami ei singtangmi leh singtangmi kikal thu hilo a, singtangmi leh America te kal thu ahi ziah in, gou leh gam neitu hina kichian ahing poimo ta hi. Singpi khai a inn mun a thawn a kinget ding chi bang Tumlam Gamte chindan hi lo hi. America leh British te’n neitu hina (property) atangpi in chi ni in akhen uhi: “real property” (inn gam, lou gam) leh “personal property” (gam chi lo nei-le-lam dangte). Ei singtangmi te toh teh in, Tumlam Gam mite’n neitu hina kichian tah anei uhi. 

 

Laisiangthou sung I et leh, Juda te’n neitu hina a ngai khoh dan kilang hi. Azi Sara shi zo in, Abraham in hanmual ding gam ana dawp hi. A gamnei tu Heth tate’n a thawn a mishi vui di’n Makpelah gam a pie ua, hinanleh Abraham in neitu hina um lo in mishi a vui ut vawt sih hi. A gamneite toh sawtpi aki hou zo in, Abraham in dangka Shekel 400 in gam a lei a, theipi tu di’n mi ahan hi. Bible (New King James Version) ah hichin kigel hi: “So the field and the cave that is in it were deeded to Abraham by the sons of Heth as property for a burial place” (Genesis 23: 20). Zou Laisiengthou (2016 edition) ledan in, “… kivuina mun anei den dingin a pekip tahi”. Zou kam ah “land deed” leh “property” chi kamtengte a kilet mang deh tah hi, aziah pen I ham leh chiindan ah “neitu hina” chi ngaidan kichian a um nai sih hi. 

 

Khovel khangthu ah, gou neitu hina kichian um lo in, nam thupi leh khangtou um ngai lo hi. Mesopotamia lenggam a Hammurabi Dan (code) leh Mosi Thu Piah Sawm te’n zong “inn veng te neitah” eng lo ding leh guh lo ding a ha gen mama uhi. 

 

Pianken in mihing in inn veng te neitah (private property) za taat lo a, mi sepsa a thawn a neh ding ki ut hi. Gal lamkai khat nua zui a, thatang haat a khodang te sim (raid) a, gal te gou khawl sa teng luah ut mihing kitam mama hi. Pu John Locke in, solkar leh kumpi masa pen te i neitah (property) leh i hinna bitna di’a na kibawl ahi uh, achi hi. Laibu minthang The Second Treatise of Government sung ah, Pu Locke in hichin agen hi: mihing adia a neitah poimo pen a tahsa (body) ahia, neitah dang te zong mihing lungsim leh tahsa apat hing piengkhe theibep ahi. Tumlam Gamte et dan in, mihing lungsim leh tahsa zong mimal neitah (private property) zungpi ahi malam hi. Mihing nasep hoi (improvement) um lo in, mun leh gam in manphatna a nei sih hi. Neitu kichian leh bittah um louna mun ah, mimal kukal leh taima mu ding a vaang hi. John Locke mudan in, gam neitu hina kichian gasuah khu nam hausatna ahi. Neitu hina in mimal zalenna leh kikhual ut na lungsim apie hi. 

 

Khovel a nesui dan chi tuamtuam i et leh, minam chi ni muthei ahi. Thatang a nasem (labor-intensive path) leh sumpi zang a nasem (capital-intensive path). Sumpi zang te’n lungsim toh na sem in, thatang sang in khawl (technology) siamna toh na asem uhi. Ahileh gamhausa te’n sumpi (capital) hei apat a khawldoh uh ahi diai? Hernando de Soto in, The Mystery of Capital chi laibu ah sumpi (capital) hing piendan a suichian hi. Ama’n khovel gam tuamtuam ah company tha hong ding in registration leh office inn alam sawm a, hun bang tan a lut ei chi a chiamte hi. Gam khangtou te ah tambang registration kal 1 apat ha 4 sung vel in ki zo thei tangpi hi. Hinanleh a nuai a gam zawng te ah hum tampi luut hi: 

Peru gam               kum 6 

Egypt gam              kum 5 – 14  

Philippine gam        kum 11 – 25

Haiti gam               kum 19        

Tami bang gam zawng te’n neitu hina kichian nei lo ua, a gam leitang leh nei-le-lam te uh sumpi shi (“dead capital”) a suo uhi. Solkar mopuahna thupi pen neitu hina kichian leh bittah bawl khiat ding ahi. Gam hausa te ah company neitu leh gam neitu kichian lo, chi bang um seng lo hi. 

 

Pu John Locke in, solkar nasep masa pen ding sum hawm, van hawm leh development ahi, chi bai lo hi. Khovel a solkar hing pienna ziah ahileh, Locke gendan in, “neitu hina kepbitna ding ahi” (“The great and chief end of … putting themselves [men] under government is the preservation of their property” (Locke II, § 124). USA ah zong Homestead Act 1862 um masang in, gam kitu a kitha kimat na atam a, neitu kichian umlo na gam pheng pi khat a khangtou thei sih hi. Tami Act um apat USA gam pumpi kigual tuah tah in ahing khang to thei pan hi. 

 

Ei Manipur gam sang in Mizoram bang a leitang se zo a, kawl te zong a keen zo uhi. Hinanleh I unau te’n gam neitu hina kichian ana bawl uhi, a nuai a bang in:

1.    Land Settlement Certificate (LSC): Khopi sung a gam nei den thei, zuah thei, khang sawn te’n a lua thei. 

2.    Periodic Patta: Khota lam a sing gam leh lou gam, kum 5 dan a patta belap “renew” toutou thei.

3.    Pass holder: Village Council in kum 5 dan a belap thei gam neitu hina.

4.    Lease holder: Kihou dan zil a, hun bichiam um lo a gam saap thei leh zat theina. 

Mizoram a LSC pen ei Manipur a pacca patta (Dak Chitha leh Jamma Bandi) toh kibang ahi. Hinanleh Manipur singtang gam in “Periodic Patta” chi bang nei lo hi. Pucca patta (LSC, Dak Chita, etc.) te’n gam neitu hina tahtah (land title) hing pie a, hinanleh Periodic Patta in gam zat theina (use right) maimai a pe thei hi. 

 

Garret Hardin in hichi’n a gen a: mihingte ahing pun chiang un, mipi gam ah bangma tho lou a, bangkim neh sawm (“free-rider problem”) a pung hi. Gam leitang pen mipi a hi ta lezong, gam zattheina (use right) beh kichian tah a bihiah thei tham ahi. 

 

Russia a Communist te lal lai in, mimal a neitu hina (private property) ana su bei ua, bangkim mipi (workers) te gam leh goutan in a puang uhi. Tami in gil kialna, natna, shina leh gentheina sim seng lo khovel ah ana tun zo hi. America leh Europe ah zong Communist ngaidan dih lo dal ding mi tampi a um nalai ziah in, neitu hina kizatat hamham nalai hi.

 

I gam dinmun en vai. Ei Manipur sang in Mizogam sung ah gam neitu hina kichian zo abang hi. Zodawn khotate sang in Lamka khopi ah neitu hina (pacca patta) kichian zo hi. Tami ziah mama in khota te apat khopi sung ki zuan ahi. Buan noi gam, kawlse gam leh sehnel gam hinanleh, tam bang a neitu hina kichian a um leh, gam manphatna (land value) hing khang ding a, sumpi (capital) nei a nesuina ding lampi hing kihong pan ding hi. 

 

 

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Gam neitu hina (real property)

David Vumlallian Zou, PhD History Department University of Delhi   Khongjom Gal a Sapkang British te leh Meitei te a kido zo nua sawt lo, 18...