Khotang Siamphatna Huikhi Laandan

Historical Overview of Social Renewal among the Zous

David Vumlallian Zou

Queen’s University Belfast, UK

ABSTRACT

Athu mai a gen in khantouna um thei lou a, asep a pawng sep tho in zong bangma piang zou lou hi. Ngaisutna leh nasep a zohkhawm (praxis) ngai hi. Mailam lunggel kichian neina din, nualam a khantouna nasep peidan “historical overview” nei masat ngai hi. Zou sung a khotang siamphatna hun thum a khenthei ahi. Khatna ah, JCA pate hun apat 1974 a hattuam kikhen tan. Nina ah, 1990s vela pat khotang ngaikhohna tha hing um kia hi. Athum na ah, 21^st century a “ngaisutna leh nasep” pangkhawm a minam tunding dingdan kikupna ahi. Minam khantouna dia Total Literacy Mission dinkhiat ngai ta a, tualeh Education System pumpi zong siamphat ngai hi. I numei-te uh suahtatna din, Zou society in mun-awng (space) honsah hun ta hi.

KEYWORDS

Praxis, Paulo Freire, problem-posing education, mun-awng (institutional space), numei suahtatna (emancipation)

INTRODUCTION

Khotang siamphat dan ding theory hoitah um masa lou in, khotang siamphatna movement piching um thei lou hi[1]. Athu agen maimai (verbalism) hun lou a, asep-asep khiat tho mai (activism) zong dei huai lou hi. Ngaisutna leh nasep a zawkhawm ngai a, tami pen English in praxis kichi hi. Bible in nasep tellou ginna khu a shi ahidan ana gen hi[2]. Alangkhat lam ah, ngaisutna tellou nasep zong a shi ahi, chi thei veve ahi. Tami thului in Zou sung a “total literacy” bawl dingdan lampi a sui a, tualeh Latin American educationist minthang Paulo Freire in education siamphatdan ding agente ahing tahlang hi. Freire ngaidan pen “Problem-posing education” kichi hi. Tualeh Zou sung a numei in gamtat-khoheina ding mun-awng (institutional space) anei loudan zong a tahlang a, minam khantouna dia numei zalenna poimo dan agen hi. Zou milip kimkhat (50%) numei ahia, tami minam phalkhat a tuantual laisia khantouna um thei lou ding ahidan agen hi.

KHOTANG SIAMPHATNA PIANCHIL KHANG 1954 -1974

Zou sung ah, khotang siamphatna ngaikhohna 1950s vel apat na um ta hi. Mizogam a Welsh mission nasep dan toh kibang sim in, JCA mimasa ten hattuam nasep leh khotang siamphatna kiselbuh tah in na zohkhawm sah uhi. Tunia Zou kual a Manipur solkar sepna (4^th Grade) nei mi tampite bang tua hun lai a JCA mission skul-te gasuoh ahi ngal uhi. 1950s lai a JCA pate Agenda thupi pente ahileh Zou literature siamkhiat ding leh khotang sianthouna chivel ahi. Tua hun a JCA record luite i sim leh, Zou labu sut ding a ngai poimo dan uh kimu thei hi. Zou Bible sang in labu (hymnal) na kisun masa zaw hi. A Minute Bu uah tambang in na kigelh hi:

“Himi hunlai in Joutang tou a mite bang mi kam ham ngen in a ham ua … Jou mi zousia mi kam a ham nasan laibu i nei louzia ahi chin ka thei doh vua, Jou labu a manlang thei pen a sutna ding kang ngaihsut vua, a la ding Kamjakhup leh teng leh Thonghang le, Sema leh teng a bon in ka hing lakhom vua, ka hing sun ta uhi”[3].

Labu pen sim ding hilou a, sah tho dia hisap ahi.Tualeh Zoukam la-teng (oral tradition) apat laiteng (written literature) a suah masatna ahi. Zou Bible kisut in tami laigelh chiindan a namdet hi. Tami JCA lamkaite ma in tanchinbu Jogam-Thusuo zong March 1954 in ana pan ua, hinanleh sawt dai lou in a khawl pai hi.

Zou literature ban ah, 1950s lai a Zou tapidaw-te Agenda poimo mama dang khat ahileh siangthouna ahi. Adiah in Pu Tunzakap in 1957 kum apat tami singthouna gospel a tangkoupi deu in a kilang hi. Ama adiah in khanglai lamte a veina a, Sunde Skul literature zong abul ana pan hi. JCA Minute Bu ah Tunzakap tanchin hichi’n kigelh hi:

“Sakho lam ah hileh tahsa lam hileh a veina khom a, naopang khompy a um chiang bang in gam leh nam siang thouna vat a athei zia in progoram ah, Social Work na ding atuang sah a, nungah tangval belnot pol, in phiat pol, van koitup dan hil pol, ta leh nao etkol dan hil pol, kholai phiat pol, a guat a, mipin thu oi tah in ana zui a, gam le mual in mason in a phattuampi mama uh hi”[4].

JCA sang ma in zong Catholic mission in skul leh hostel chite na pibawl zaw a, Zou sung ah officer hunkhop i nei law uhi. Adiah in Father Ravarico[5] ahileh Zou khotang khanletna dia lampi sial masa khat ahia, Zou minam adia a contribution-te khangtha ten moh manghil lou ding dei huai hi.

1974 a MGP-ZCC kibuai apat Zou minam in khotang siamphatna lam sang in doctrine – dogma kibuaina in tha leh lungsim tam zaw na seng kha hi. Tami hun sung in tahsa leh hagau khantouna khu ui-le-kel bang ahi chi ngaidan Zou sung ah hing piangkhia hi. Athu a gen tho (verbalism) leh nasep (activism) zong ui-le-kel dan bang in kigen leuleu hi. Tami “theory” kichian tah a koi man agen lou vang in, UZO leh hattuam ki-gal etdan ah a lungsim uh kilang hi. Mizogam leh Manipur a Paite sung i etleh, khotang leh hattuam khantouna zohkhawm dan muthei ahi. Zou sung ah UZO pen Setan vaihawmna dan in mi tampi in hisap moh a, MGP leh ZCC pen Pasian vaihawmna dan in na kikoi sese hi.

1950s lai a Zou tapidaw-ten khotang ngaikhohna (social concern) a nei pen uh 1970s vela pat i mansua ta uhi. OT a zawlnei kamsang ten khotang siamphatna a ngaikhoh dan uh i kitheimo bawl ua, alang khat lam ah tanchinpha genna (evangelical concern) maimai i uang bawl uhi. Tami ahileh 1910 -15 vel a America a kuulmutna tha hing piang, Fundamentalist[6] kichiten ei gam tanpha a zong huzap anei ziah hidin agintat huai sim hi. Hinanleh awl in evangelical hattuam lamkai tamzaw ten khotang a khristain-te mopuahna pen kilepmang san thei lou ahidan ahing mutha kia uhi[7].

ZOU SOCIAL GOSPEL LEH KHOTANG SIAMPHATNA 1990s

Pastor khen khat in OT zawlneite bang in, khotang siamphatna kisap dan amu thei uhi. Etsahna din, Rev. H. Nengzatun in 1991 kum in “Zou Mite Khotang Hinkhua Siemphatna”[8] chi laibu bang na sun ngai hi. Ama ngaidan leh 1950s lai a JCA pate ngaidan a kibatna tampi um in ka thei hi. JCA pate bang in, Rev. Nengzatun in a thu a gen (verbalism) sang a, asep asep ding (activism) lam a uang gen hi. Tami pen lunggelna leh nasep pangkhawm (praxis) ching lou deu hi.

Tuami sawng ma in Zou Social Gospel (ZSG) kichi 20 February 1994 in ahing dingdoh hi. ZSG ten khotang siamphatna toh kisai theory khat anei uhi. Tami theory pen Evangelical khristian sung a na kibawl khia, “social gospel” chi ahi. Britain ah kum zabi 19 hun lai in Baptist pastor F.B. Meyer[9] in Jesu thuhilnate mimal sianthouna ding maimai hilou a, khotang sianthouna dia zatthei ahidan ana gen a, tami pen “social gospel” kichi hi. Hinanleh ZSG ten a theory uh guntu tah a study bawl sese lou in, tomkhat sung asep asep tho (activism) in a hun sah ua, hattuam kipumkhatna chi lou sildang a buaipi seng sih uhi. Tami Agenda a poimo vang in, tua i nua-etleh, kawchih sim a bang phial hi. Bangteng hileh, ZSG in sakhona lam a huapzouna, politics khantouna, leh khotang khantouna chi silthum teng a kizopna om ahi, chi amu thei uhi. Tami “social vision” ziah in Zou society kizopna teng pumkhat in a en thei uhi.

Kuki-Zomi Tualgal 1997-98 zou in ZSG te thawm gin kiza nalai a, MGP-ZCC kigawm thei dan ding zong lampi kisui nalai hi. 2000 kum a Zou nampi an-ngawl a kisia ni kibawl tan in zong hattuam pumkhat ding kinepna um nalai hi. Hinanleh 2003 sung in ZCC in “internal crisis” ahing nei a, dei lou dan in sil ahing tung a, kikhenna tam sem ahing piang hi. Alang khat lam ah, MGP leh MEP pen Synod khat ah ahing kigawm thei zel hi. ZSG te tupna pen losam-loching chi ding ahing suah hi.

21^ST CENTURY A KHOTANG SIAMPHATNA DING AGENDA

Zou society in khantou lam a manoh dung zui in, khotang buaina hamsa sem suhveng hing ngai ta hi. Tami hamsatnate daltu bang a ngaisun lou a, chouna (challenge) dan a en ding ahi zaw hi. Hamsatna hing tung dingte maleep (anticipate) thei in, amavang in kisahkholna bang nei thei lei dei huai hi. Gintat dan a khovel ahing kihei leh, 2020 kum chiang a India zong gam hausa hita dia ki hisap ahi. Tami hun a Zou kampaute zong midang toh kiliangkim adin theina din tu apat kisahkhol ngai ta hi. Tunai a ZPCS dinkhiatna, Zou Christian Music Committee leh ZYO complex hingpian khiat dante’n tu 21^st century adia trend-setter a ngaisut thei ahi. Tualeh i khang toh kituah a khosuah na dia kisam khotang siamphatna chi 3 i tahlang ding uhi.

1. Total Literacy Mission: Khotang khantouna dia kisam masa pen bang adiai? chi’n kidong lei, mi tampi ten IAS, IFS, M. Phil, PhD chite i ngaisun masa pen mai thei ding uhi. Tamite a poimo a, hinanleh minam khantou tahtah na din Total Literary Mission poimo zaw nalai hi. Manipur Zou milip 20,000 vel sung ah, IAS mi 200 leh PhD mi 200 um nanlei zong Zou minam pumpi kikhangtou pai ding china hituan lou hi. Mimal leh minam lochinna a kizop a, hinanleh sil kibang hi tuan lou uhi.

Khovel a sum hau pen (GDP) kisuina ah, India 3^rd position in pang pha a, hinanleh “living standard” niam penpen khat ahi zel hi. Tualeh India ahileh khovel a mipil misiam (IT professionals, doctor, engineer) hau pen khat ahia, hinanleh gam “literacy rate” khovel a niam pen pawl ahi. Tuaziah in khantouna pen zung pat a, niam leen sah ngai masa hi. Anneh-tuidawn ban ah, laisim thei leh gelh theina (literacy) khu mihing tahsa leh hagau khanletna dia kisam masa pen ahi. Total Literacy Mission i pichin suah lou leh, Zogam ah kum teng in revival tung in, van apat sum-le-pai mana bang in hing kesuh zungzung nanleh, khantouna tahtah um thei tuan lou ding hi. Zou sung a Total Literacy Mission bawlna din, amasa in Literacy Survey bawl masat angai ding a, hattuam statistics tuamtuam te zong compare thei ahi. Aban ah panmun dan 3 bang siam ngai ding hi:

(a) Front guard: LP, JB skul leh mission skul oja-te educational training bawl teitei dia phut ding dei huai ta hi. I oja-te uh a tam zaw training nei lou ngen ahi uhi. Zou kual a solkal oja te DIET course Lamka ah bawl sah thei ahi. Tualeh a lem dandan a solkar leh mission skul zong merger bawl thei ahi. Apoimo pen ahileh Zou khosuan a oja-te a duty post chiat a adinkip uh ngai hi. Oja a duty post a sem lou-te LCC (LEC) member chi vel a telching non lou ding ahi. Oja a duty post a ding te Christian missionary bang a ngaisut ding ahi ua, zatatna zong a nasep uh toh kituah a piah ding ahi. Zou kual a 100% literacy rate nei masa pen khua (veng) a pang dia kidem ding ahi.

(b) Middle guard: Naupang leh piching Sunde Skul ten lai thei loute adin Remedial Class a neipi thei uhi. Tami ding in text-bu zong sut thei ahi. Laivuan chiang a “kam a dawng pawl” chi Category suh bei ding ahi. Sunde Skul oja-ten training leh refresher course kum khat a khatvei-nivei beh abawl ding uhi.

(c) Back guard: Nipi leh phalbi khawl hun sung in, sangnaupang volunteer ten Zou khote ah abanban in Literacy Camp a bawl ding uhi. Tami pen ZSP leh ZYO ten makaihna ala thei ding uhi. Kum chin in literacy rate tam pung penpen ten nuamman Literacy Trophy zong a sang ding uhi. Total Literacy Mission a pichin hun chiang in, Zou Literacy Pawi bawl ahi ding hi.

2. Educational Reform: Zou kual a solkar, mission leh private skul-te ah zong oja leh naupang lai kihildan siamphat ngai ta hi. Nidang lai a chiang toh naupang-te ui khet a khet chite, leh kii-pi laihil (parrot learning) te tawp san hun mama ta hi. Tami ziah a Zou sung a oja-te training leh workshop nei khawm zelzel lunggul huai ahi. Lamka ah zong B.Ed leh BE zou Resource Person a chial thei ding mi tampu um ta hi. Tulai khang toh kituah a teaching method tuamtuamte oja-ten theisah ding dei huai hi. Atom in genlei, i “educational philosophy” uh pumhen hun ta hi. Tum lam gam ah, hun sawtpi apat Plato, Rousseau leh John Dewey ngaidante zui in naupang na ki-enkol hi. Hinanleh Paulo Freire in 1970 a Pedagogy of the Oppressed chi laibu ahing sut apat, laihil dan ding ngaidan tha khat ahing kimusuah hi. Paulo Freire in mi tampi in Banking Model zui a lai a hildana mopaih a, aman Problem-posing Model bawl ding dan a mukhia hi. Naupang laihilna a oja-ten a theidia poimo masa pen ahileh, koima lungsim ah theina kihil tho thei lou hi, chi a pom masat uh ngai ahi. Paulo Freire in tami toh kisai hichin agen hi:

“Houlimna (dialogue) tungtawng in naupangte oja chite leh oja-te naupang chite a beimang ua, kizopna tha ahing piang hi: oja-naupang leh naupang-oja chi ahing piang hi. Oja-te pen naupang laihiltu maimai hinon lou in, naupangte toh houlimna apat siamna ziltu ahing suah uhi. Naupante zong ziltu mai hilou in, hiltu ahi veve uhi … Koiman mi laihil thei lou a, eima mimal mai in zong bangma kizil thei lou hi. Khovel i mudan uh a kibat lou dung zui in, khat leh khat apat theina i lasawn uhi …”[10]

Naupang lungsim pen paper awng leh suanglai (slate) bangma kigelh nai lou – tabula rasa – dan in na kingaisun a, tami Banking Model theory dih lou dan Rousseau hun apat na kithei ta hi. Banking Model in naupang lungsim pen “bank account” kihong tha bang in a geel a, theina pen sum bang a thunlut (deposit) thei din a hisap uhi. Theina tengteng text sung a um dan a hisap in, tamite kii-pi (parrot) bang in naupangte chiinpha (memorise) sah a sawm uhi. Sil tampi chiamte zoute kumtawp exam chiang in Mark tampi a piah ua, Mark tam mute a pil dan in a hisap uhi. Naupang huahbu sung a theina a kikhumlut (deposit) thei lou chiang un, chiangkang toh ui sat in oja-ten a sat ua, anah sat deu chiang ua theina hing luanglut dingdan in a hisap uhi. Tualeh Banking Model in naupang teng a ki-eh bah siang in a hisap a, a laizil dan uh zong sepaih-te parade dan a “speed” kituah chetchet din a hisap uhi. Naupang in mizia leh talent tuamtuam anei chi thudih zong a pom sih hi. Tami Banking Model pen Paulo Freire in nasa tah in a doudal a, Problem-posing education Model zang din ngetna abawl hi.

Problem-posing Model in oja leh naupang kidaidanna baang a sat chimit masa a, lungsim kihong a houlim theina ding bouruak (learning environment) a bawl masa hi. Theina tahtah text-bu sung a um lou in, naupang leh oja pankhawmna leh houlimna apat hing piang ding ahi chi a pom hi. Text-bu pen vanzat chi khat maimai ahia, naupang-te lunglutna toh kituah in text-bu suh lamdang gige ngai hi. Text-bu thei ding pen education siltup thupi pen hilou a, naupang-te lungsim hong khiatna dia Dotna bawl ding poimo zaw hi. Naupang lungsim in Dotna ahing siam thei chiang in, theina kitasam non lou ding hi. Education tup-le-nim bang ahiai? chi dotna bang siamzil bulpatna ahi. Miteng in Dotna kibang nei ngai sese lou hi. I mimal leh minam buaina dawng thei lou laibute’n pilna hing pethei lou ding uhi. Dotna leh thei utna bawl masa lou a naupang lungsim a thu tampi i moh thun sawm leh, naupang in Dotna bawl ngam lou deudeu ding a, BA, MA hilezong kizang thei tuan lou ding uhi. Mihing khat in class I apat class XII tan a laibu i simteng manghil thei sih lei, a lungsim manthei lou suah ding hi. Apoimo pen ahileh theina chepte (memorise) ding hilou in, Dotna tha siam ding ahi zaw hi. Tami din chepte siamna sang in, sil manghil theina poimo zaw hi. Siamsinna dihtah pen dotna siam ngamna (critical mind) leh siltha puahtheina (creative mind) neina dia naupang leh oja-te houlimna guitan lou ahi zaw hi. Naupang in a laibu sim toh a kimvel a a-khovel experience dan azopkhawm thei lou leh, sil kivaat khat um china ahi. A text-bu hoi lou amah, a oja-te houlimdan kivaat khat hi ding hi. Siamzilna pen a mong bei ahia, dotna i bawl ngapna tantan ah theina in hing ngah hi. Theina pen tuiluang bang ahia, text-bu sung a kivei den hi lou hi. Khang (generation) chin in buaina tha nei zel a, tamite suhvengna din dotna tha poimo hi. Tami in theina tha piangsah zel hi. Tuaziah a syllabus tha a hun zil a siam zel poimo hi.

3. Emancipation of Women: Khanglui lai in numei na kimusit mama a, tuahun lai a British anthropologist-ten Zo (Chin-Kuki) numeiten suah (slave) hinkhua a zatdan uh ana gen uhi. Phalvah apat nitum tan in numei ten na asem ua, tangval-te pen a tuam in Haam (Sawm) Inn ah agiah uhi. Tami pen pasal lalna leh thuneina society (patriarchy) kichi hi. Tun zong Zou sung ah numei domkang tuan lou a, nuainetna bei nai lou a, tami in i minam a tuantual sah hi. Zou sung ah numei milip 50% vel ahia, pasal tengteng khangtou nanleh, i numeite a tuantual uh leh Zou minam pumpi khangtou thei tuan lou ding hi. Mihing khat a phal lang khat zeng leh, ama pen mizeng kichi veve a; a lang khat maimai hibou, kichi thei lou hi. Zou society i et leh, a phal lang khat zeng ahidan kithei khe pai hi. I custom leh khanglui proverb, inn sung, hattuam leh khotang hinkhua chite ah numei nuai-mangna (erasure) mun adim in um hi. Numei in gam lua ding kiphal lou a, ta pasal nei loute “inn gam” kichi hi. Tami custom Pasian bawl hilou a, mihing bawl tawm ahi. Pasal-te bawl tawm ahi. Ta pasal deina in Family Planning dal thei a, zawl saina leh kikhuulna chite paing sah hi.

Inn sung ah numei nuainetna in tate khantouna dal a, Zou minam lungsim damtheina (mental health) nahpi in sukha hi. Hattuam lam ah upa leh pastor tan pasal veve kigual a, vaihawmna teng pasal khut ah kikoi hi. Khotang kivaipuahna ZSP leh ZYO chite ah numei kinuai-mang bei a, Treasurer tung lam panmun tu din kisinsahna leh muanna zong kinei lou hi. UZO ahileh 100% pasal kipawlna ahia, Zou milip 50% (numei-te) representative hikha nai lou hi. Hattuam lam ten Zou numei-te adin mun awng (institutional space) neu khat ahong ua, MWCA leh ZWCA chite ana ding khia hi. Tami numei pawl ten antang ham, sum leh pai leh church property nasatah in a tun ding sah uhi. Zou sung a hattuamte huzap (influence) pen UZO huzap sang in hat zaw hi. Aziah ahileh hattuam lam ten Zou numei-te mun awng (space) a siamsah ziah ahi. Paite sung ah zong numei pawl ziah in Dorcus Hall piching tah ana lam zou uhi. I numeite uh mun awn a, zalenna i piah lou leh, i minam hatna 50% kizang thei nai lou china ahi. Tami thuguh Tum lam gan ten sawtpi in na thei ta ua, khotang kisiamphatna nasa tah a tun hi. Zou numeite mun teng a zalenna i piah chiang in, i khotang buaina kimkhat bei ding hi. I numei-te uh kitchen sung a i khum laisia, Zou minam khantouna in kitchen kaan zou lou ding hi. Inn sung, khotang, hattuam, sum suina, politics leh siamzilna ah Zou numei-te adia mun-awng (institutional space) i siamsah hun ta hi.

CONCLUSION

Minam khantouna din infrastructure – lamlian, railway, electric power, hospital, school, public library, youth centre, adg. – chite poimo a, hinanleh abihtah a Zou sung adin Total Literacy Mission ah kipan leh lamzang pen din a gintat huai hi. Total Literacy leh Numei Suahtatna pen khantouna din “infrastructure” sangma a poimo zaw ahivang un, solkar sum toh bawl thei zong hilou zel hi. Tamite pen “khotang sumpi” (social capital) kichi a, minam khantouna zungpi detsahtu ahi uhi. Manipur Zou milip 20,000 sung ah Total Literacy Mission loching sah lei, laisim thei mi piching 10,000 bang kinei ding hi. Tami teng lah ah 25% maimai in Zoukam laibute hing sim uleh, laibu copy 2500 phail kisun thei ding china ahi. Zoukam in market hoi hing nei ding a, literature piching sem kinei thei ding a, laigelh-te zong hing “professional” ta ding uhi. Tami in Knowledge Society neina dia khuam zungpi hing tunding sah ding a, khangsawn ah Knowledge Economy (services, finances, banking, tourism, hospitality, call centre, adg.) bang hing dingdoh thei ta phial ding hi. Numei-te zong kitchen sung ah kikhum non lou ding a, nehsuina leh sumsinna tuamtuam ah pasal toh kiliangkim in ding ta ding uhi. I sangnaupang leh graduate-te un kii-pi bang a laizil non lou dia, i khang toh kituah theina ziltu mai hilou in, theina bawltu (knowledge-producer) in hing pang ding uhi. Ngaidan thatha leh siamna thatha hing pawlut ding ua, nehsuidan thatha ahing siam khe ding uhi. Tua hun chiang in koiman solkar sepna chite pou dei non lou ding uhi.

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NOTES AND REFERENCES:

[1] Lenin in hichi’n ana gen hi, “Without a revolutionary theory there can be no revolutionary movement”. See Freire, Paulo (1993) Pedagogy of the Oppressed, London & New York: Penguin Books, p. 107.

[2] Jacob 1: 23 leh 2: 20 ah tami Praxis umdan toh kinai mama thuhilna um kha a, hinanleh tami mun ah a thu agen (verbalism) sang in nasep (activism) poimodan kigen uang zaw hi.

[3] ELCC Office Archives, Churachandpur, JCA Minute Book 1954 – 1958, p. 10.

[4] JCA Minutes, p. 50.

[5] Kosha, Donald (1988) A Historical Sketch of the Catholic Church in St. Paul’s Parish – Chandel District, Manipur, Chandel: 22^nd Catholic Congress.

[6] Fundamentalist kichi pawl ten tahsa leh hagau thu ui-le-keel bang in a ngaisun ua, Evangelical Khristian sung a kuulmut pha diah a kingai sun ahi uhi. Ama un “social gospel” a dem ua, khristian ten hagau lam khantouna maimai buaipi ding ahi chi gingtatna anei uhi. Tapidaw tamzaw ten Fundamentalist-te ngaidan pen kiselbuh leh piching zou lou in amu ua, uar-bih nei dan in a koi uhi.

[7] Stott, John (1999) New Issues Facing Christians Today, London: Marshall Pickering.

[8] Nengzatun, Rev. H (1991) Zou Mite Khotang Hinkhua Siemphatna (Social Reform among the Zous), Lamka: Director for Development of Tribal & Backward Classes, Manipur.

[9] F.B. Meyer (1847 – 1929) in tua hunlai evangelical khristian-te khompi minthang Keswick Convention ah 1887 apat thugenna ana nei pan hi. Jesu nuazui kichite mimal hundamna leh sianthou ding maimai toh buai lou a, Samaria mihoipa bang a itna nasep khovel a tahlat ding ahidan agen hi. (See Ian M. Randall, “The Social Gospel: A case study” in Wolffe, John. 1995. Evangelical Faith and Public Zeal: Evangelicals and Society in Britain 1780-1980, pp. 155 – 174).

[10] Freire (1993) Pedagogy of the Oppressed, p. 61.

Simlei Tawlet (Window to the World)

Zou sung a laisimdan suina

David Vumlallian Zou

Queen’s University Belfast, UK

INDIA SOLKAR IN “computer literacy” leh IT (Information Technology) theina thezah ding a gen lai in, Zou sung ah “Total Literacy Movement” eima’n patkhiat thei ahi. Khantouna lam ah kihawmtho nanlei, Zou kampaute zong pilna siamna leh khosah dan ah awlawl in ma i sawm zel uhi. 1954 kum a JCA khawmpi hun lai in, Manipur a Zou kual ah lai simthei-gelhthei (literate) mi tawm mama na lai a, laisiam pente zong class VI tan maimai ahi giap hi[1]. Tuami hun sawt nai lou ahi. Kum sawm-nga pei pan na bou hi. Tu hun in pen Zou sung a BA, MA chite hunkhop ki-um ta a, literacy rate zong 60% bang ching dia gintat ahi[2]. Hinanleh kitoldam hun hi nai lou a, mi nuadel ding tampi um hi.

I inn veng Mizogam bang in Total Literacy (100%) nei ding tum ta a, solkar, NGO leh hattuam pawlpite kithutuah tah in pang khawm uhi[3]. Ei Zou sung ah zong NGO khenkhat in Literacy Drive bawl ding hing ngaikhoh pi ua, hinanleh ei ten i numawl-pamawlte laithei ding sang in a sum maimai ki-enlah giap a, nasep bang ma mu ding um lou ahi. Illiteracy (lai sim theilou-gelhthei lou) chi pen mittaw toh kibang ahia, mimal leh nam tuantualna bulpi pen zong ahi. Bible sim khu Pasian aw zahna ahi chi i gen gige ua, hinanleh Bible leh labu sim thei lou (illiterates) te ngaikhohna in Literacy Campaign pen koiman bawl sawm lou zel hi. Tamite pen solkar mopuahna in i koi ua, Literacy Fund um sunsun chiang in nehgu ding maimai in i en zel uhi. Literature a piching ding leh nam khantouna poimo dan i theisa ahi. Hinanleh a zungpi pen “mass literacy” leh Literacy Campaign bawl masa lou in, bang chin i khangtou thei diai? Sunde Skul laivuan chiang a, kam a dawng pawl (illiterate) chi i um lai sia Total Literacy bawl ding leiba nei nalai china i hi. Nam dang ten “Zou maw” ahing chi chiang in koi pou in kipona mama hi. Hinanleh numawl-pamawl leh khanglai tampi Zou sung a “illiterate” a um lai sia, lungthah thei hi nai lou hi. Lai theilou pen “mi maw” hina chi khat ahi zing hi. Hattuam zosia leh social organisation-te kipawl khawm a, kum teng a Zou sung a “illiterate” mihing suh kiam ding dan “plan” bawl khawm thei ahi. Manipur a Zou population ahileh 20,000 vel a hisap thei ahia, tami sung ah lai simthei lou mihing tampi ki-um hi. Adiah in, pasal sang in numei lai simthei lou tamzaw gige hi.

Zou kam a laibu a kisut chiang in copy 500 – 700 kikal lahvel kisun zel a, tami in laisim thei (literate) leh a sim tahtah (reading audience) mi phaza ding ngaidan ahing neisah hi. Tami mi 500 vel laisimtute lah ah, a tamzaw singtang khawta neuneu a teng ahi uhi. Bible ban ah Khristian Tangkou leh Gospel Tangkou chite a laibu nei sun uh ahi ding hi. Tuaziah in, Zou kam a Tangkou tegel pen Zou sung a laisim-mi tampi adin a “simlei tawlet” (window to the world) uh ahing suah hi. Zou sung a laisim-mite (reading audience) chi 4 a khen thei ahi. Tami umdan hilchetna ding in mi li ka hing telkhia a, amaute Neinou, Thangpu, Mimin leh Chingnu ahi uhi[4].

Mittaw (illiterate) Nu Neinou Dinmun

Neinou kum 45 a upa Tonzang khua a teng ahia, lai simthei lou leh gelh thei lou (illiterate) ahia, mittaw toh a kibat hun a tam hi. Anaupan lai in tom khat LP skul ah ana kai a, tua hun lai in Meitei (Bengali) laiteng “ko, kho, go” ana zil a, hinanleh azatna ding um lou ahiziah in a manghil bei ta hi. Zoulai a A, AW, B, CH bang LP skul ah na zil hileh Bible leh labu etna beh a pang thei ding hi ven. Tualeh a nu-le-pa ten Neinou kung ah hichin ana chi uhi: “Numei nang laisim a panna ding um sih, BA, IA tan sim zou beh lou ding – lou kuan zaw lechin phatuam zaw va” ana chi uhi. Tualeh skul kai kichi pen sum ngai ahi. Suang lai (slate) leh a kung lei ngai a, Rs. 5 vel bei ahi. Tami leina ding a nu-le-pan sum anei zou sih uhi. Behiang ah sing (fire wood) zuah in a kuan zel a, atawp in a laikung man ding a ngah zou hi. Behiang a sing zuah pen sil nop ahi sih hi.

Behiang ten Tongzang mi khat phot “gallamte” (Tuivai gallam china dan ahi) a chi ua, simmaw leh nuainetna khat anei sim gige uhi. Tualeh Behiang te pen atamzaw Khuangnung ham ua, Tongzang te pen Khodai ham uhi. Ani a Zou ham tuahtuah ahivang in aw-khaih dan leh kamteng kibat louna themkhat um hi. Behiang ten Tongzang-te Khodai ham pen a simmaw sah ua, chiamnuina in a zang zel uhi. Tualeh Khodai ham pen laiteng a kisun ngai mel lou ahiziah in a beimang (extinct) thei ding abang hi. Churachandpur district a “literacy rate” 74% ahivang in[5], tami Tonzang khua ah lai simthei-gelhthei 25% zong pha lou ding hi. Tualeh numei laithei (female literacy) ahileh 15% zong ching lou mai thei hi.

Tongzang khua a lai siam penpen ahileh Class X passed ahia, mi khat maimai a um giap hi. Nu-le-pa ten nei lou sunsun a a-chawm uh hinanleh solkar sepna amu zou sih hi. Tuaziah in Tongzang a nu-le-pa tamzaw in laisim a phattuamna gen ding tam athei sih uhi. Tami thute a ngaisut chiang in, Neinou in zong a laisim lou pen puahnat huai asa seng sih hi. 1980s lai vel in Tongzang ah “revival” pute ahing pei ua, Neinou zong hagau kham in a kilumlia vawt hi. Tua hun lai in Pasian Latha-bu a en nuam mama a, Bible a sim thei lou pen khoh asa zobawn sih hi. Revival pute a nuatol bei zaw un, Lamka apat Zou pastor-te ahing pei zelzel ua, Bible sim a Pasian thutah a kingat ding ahidan agen zing uhi. Hinanleh Tongzang mipite a tamzaw Bible sim theilou ahilam uh athei vateh sih uhi. Tualeh khosung a laisim thei sunsun te lah, Pasian thu lunglut a um zel sih hi.

Neinou in ta pasal 7 leh numei 5 anei a, a tate skul kai ding a deisah mama hi. Hinanleh tulai skul fee a tam deudeu a, a unau ua skul kaisah dan um thei lou hi. Atate teng zong ama bang a lai thei lou hing suah zel ding abang hi. Hinanleh a tapa tah pen in Behiang ah class VI tan a sim a, sepaih kilahna ah a pan sawm hi. Aman Bible khat veivei a sim zel a, Khristian Tangkou zong upa pan ahing hawm zel hi. A fee Rs.30 tah ahiziah in piah hamsa sim veve hi. Tangkou copy luite Neinou in loukuan chiang in dum-muam leh chi (salt) tunna din a zang zel hi. Tualeh Behiang a a-lei gige The Statesman (Calcutta edition) pen zatep zialna din a zang gige a, hinanleh Statesman abei chiang in Tangkou a zang suh gawp hi.

Lai thei (literate) Upa Thangpu Dinmun

Upa Thangpu ahileh kum 55 vel mi ahia, Singngat ah a teng hi. Nidang in singtang lam ana teng hinanleh Kuki-Zomi 1997-98 gal buai apat Singngat ah ana teng ta uhi. Aman a khanlai in class II (Meitei ham a “Ani suhba”) tan ana zou a, amau hun adia laisiam lawi ahi. Upa Thangpu pen sakhawmi leh mi kipezou ahia, a hattuam sung uah kizatat mama hi. Bible sim leh hilchetna bute zong Zoukam, Paite leh Mizo tanpha in zong a sim thei hi. Apoimo hun ah, ama Sunde Skul oja-pu a zong kizang zel ahia, a thugenten mipi a chawm mama hi. Tualeh Thangpu in Gospel Tangkou zong a sim zing a, a fee zong a pe gige hi. Lamka apha sunsun chiang in, aman a hattuam adin Gospel Tangkou a-lom in ahing paw zel a, biah-inn ah ahawm zel hi. Hinanleh Thangpu in unau Presbyterian-te sut Khristian Tangkou pen sim ngai lou a, simthei din zong ngaisun ngai vateh lou hi. Mizo ham a kisun laibute toh teh in, Zou kam a kisum laibu leh Tangkou pen gina zou lou asa hi. Tuaziah in pulpit sermon abawl ding chiang in, Mizo laibute asim zel a, tuami pansan in thu agen zel hi.

l Upa Thangpu in Tangkou ah thului (article) ni vei vel a gelh ngai ta a, a thupite ahileh aman zong athei chian non sih hi. Aman Tangkou bu luite kembit sese lou a, lupna nuai leh inn nuai vel pou ah zong a um zengzung uhi. Upa Thangpu in “archives” chi ngaidan anei sih a, “File” zong a nei sese sih hi. A lupna tung leh kangkal tung te “File” dan in a zang mai a, laipeh a thang zengzung hi. Tangkou a a-laigelh pen tuahun laitah a alungsim vut mama thu khat chu ahia, kumtawn hinna leh pianthana lam toh kisai hileh a kilawm hi. Upa Thangpu laigelhte dan pen English a “impressionistic”[6] kichite ahi. A thului dang khat pen Hagau Siangthou a dimna lam deu hileh a kilawm hi. Hagau Siangthou toh kisai article agelhna Tangkou bu pen azi in nau-eh siana in a zang a, tuazou in ui in a tawmang ta hi. Upa Thangpu pen mi piangtha in kingaisun a, hattuam lamkai khenkhat piangtha lou dia a ginlel lawi a um a, hinanleh koima lah amaitang a va gen thei hi zel lou hi. Pulpit a adin chiang in, thu hemgen in, mi piangtha lou dia aginlelte leh azi-atate a kaap sim vagiap hi.

Upa Thangpu pen theina lam a akimuan mama vang in, theology training bawl ngai zong ahi tuan sih hi. Tualeh Bible hilchetna leh singtangmi ham a “Devotional Literature” khel zong laisim ngai ahi sih hi. Adihtah in, “semi-educated” kichite ahia, upa ten “Sing um louna ah gua kizang” a chibang a Singngat hattuam a kizang ahi. Nidang singtang khota a ten lai diahdiah un, tua sang a kizang zaw nalai ahi. Hinanleh kum tampi “experience” nei ahiziah in, khosung leh hattuam level ah Upa Thangpu pen sithuai himhim lou hi. Tualeh ama laisiamna lahlaw dan zong athei veve thou a, tuaziah in a tate theitawp in lai a-sim sah hi. Nei sunsun a kichawm atate zong lai asiam thei mama uhi. Apa bang un, Upa Thangpu taten laisim a ngaisah uhi. Hinanleh a laibu sim utte uh leh a lunglutna uh pen a kibang sih. Upa Thangpu taten English a kigelh laibu tuamtuam – novel, magazine, comics leh newspaper chite a sim nuam zaw uhi.

Upa Thangpu mit apat et in, tulai Manipur dinmun a lungvaih huai mama hi. Newspaper a kitha-kimatte a sim kha zel a, khovel in Pasian thu aman lou a pona mama hi. Kol-le-vai milim bete sang a Tapidaw-te gitlou dan a thei a, hinanleh kolte pen meidil a lut thouthou dia, ei Khristian-te pen vangam nuam kinem i hidan a muthei hi. Tualeh Pasian theilou i pi-le-pute zong maw a-sa mama a, singzung-suangzung abiah uh a ngaisut chiang in a hasiattha asuah hi. Upa Thangpu mudan in, i gam buaina pen inn-sung kisiat ziah ahi. Inn-sung kisiat ziah ahileh numeite leh zi-le-ta ten a mopuahna uh a zaw lou ziah in athei hi. Tuaziah in, a lungsim khat ah, siatna bangkim a zi ziah hidin a ginglel sim hi. Inn-sung kikhopna leh pulpit apat alem dandan in Upa Thangpu in a zi-le-tate a kaap sim gige hi. Aman ta pasal 6 leh numei 3 tah anei a, a hawm sim nalai hi. Tualeh lai a sim chiang in zong, numeite mosiatna lam thu ten a lungsim a khoi deu a, laikung toh tuami munte a nualam chia zat ding in a chiamte zel hi.

Hinanleh khat veivei ama leh ama zong a kimosah samna (guilt) in adim zel hi. Ahinkhua peisa a silbawl khial aneite a gel zel a, Pasian lungthahna a inn-sung a tung a a-gintat hun a um zel hi. Ama kimosiat leh midang mosiatna ngen a adim ziah in, Upa Thangpu in tahsa-le-hagau a khantouna nasep ding a lunggel man seng sih a, zong poimo asa sih hi. A hattuam a laisim thei lou leh gelh thei lou numawl-pamawl tampi um lam zong a thei vateh sih hi. Thu agen chiang in, khovel pilna siamna in kumtawn hinna a piah thei loudan agen a, Pasian mit a mipil-misiamte motdan gen ding a kilawp mama hi. Hinanleh Tongzang a Neinou pen Singngat a sakhisa zuah dia ahing zin in, mimawl chi in Upa Thangpu in a lungsim ah musitna lianpi anei veve hi. Tualeh hattuam sung a sumsinna lam a mi a loching deu a-um chiang in, Upa Thangpu pen kipahna leh lungthahna in a dim hi. A sawm-a-khat uh a mu chiang in a kipah a, hinanleh ama sang a gualzawlna tang zaw mi a mu chiang in lungthahna leh kingaisiatna anei hi. Tuaziah in khovel hausatna bang ma lou ahidan chi subject zong pulpit a agen mun pen khat ahi.

Graduate Pa Mimin Dinmun

Mimin ahileh Delhi apat graduate khia ahi. Nidang in singtang lam a nateng hinanleh uh, 1997 galbuai apat Lamka ah inn-sap in a um den ua, tun pen inn zong a kinei ta uhi. Delhi a BA a zaw in, Mimin in sepna mu pai lou a, hinanleh kum 3 zou vel in solkar sepna a hing gelh doh ta hi. Mimin adin laisiamna pen khantouna leh summuna ahi petma hi. A khangualte ama bang a BA zou veve, solkar sepna mu lou tampi a um a, Lamka ah private oja vel a sem uhi. Sepna muna ding petma in Mimin in lai ana sim ahi. BA a sim lai apat, Mimin in English a kisun newspaper, magazine, employment news, leh competition laibu chi tuamtuam kum tampi ana sim zing hi. Tulai ham hileh, “up-to-date” (thuthei) mama mi khat ahi.

Competition adia phatuam lou Zou kam a kisun Tangkou leh secular literature tangpi chi vel simna ding hun Mimin in nei lou a, zong a lunglut himhim lou chi zaw mai vai. Aziahpen i lunglutnate bawlna ding hun kimu thei veve hi. Hinanleh mi inn a vah chiang a, inn lam apat hing kithot Tangkou te amu chiang in, “Thu Tuomtuom” chia anualam a kigelh-te pen a sim ut mama hi. A sung a thu-tuun te pen a et maimai leh zong a ihmut a suah sah hi. Thu a thei sasa “Kumtawn Hinna” chivel leh “Hagau Siangthou” chivel, Upa Thangpu in siam lou deu tah mai agelh ahia, ning kitel huai asa hi. Tualeh exam na hing suah lou ding ahi chi athei a, hun suhbeina chi khat maimai in a ngaisun hi. Lai a sim kuan chiang in, Mimin in Bible tom khatkhat a sim zel a, Proverbs chi vel a sim chiang in phatuam a sa hi. Sepna a nei zou kum khat nua in Mimin in zi a-nei a, tun Shillong ah posting in a um a, ta pasal khat leh numei khat tuah anei hi. Niteng office kai toh buai in, Mimin in laisim pen a zoh bawl ta a, laisim pension ala ta hi. Newspaper chi lou laibu kichi himhim a-sim non sih hi.

Inn lam apei khat in, Khristian Tangkou editor pu in patron membership a pang dia a chial leh, a kisuanla man in Rs.500 apiah a, patron member ahi kha hi. Tuamiziah in, hateng in post ah Tangkou copy khat Shillong address ah ahing tung gige hi. Patron membership a lahna zong kum tampi ahi man ta a, Lamka apat Tangkou post a thotman a hisap leh, Rs.500 vel a ching veve ta hi. Tuaziah in, Tangkou Board ten “Editorial Policy” leh Marketing lam pang bang ma ngaidan kichian nei lou ahilam uh muthei hi.

Tualeh Tangkou sung a thu kigelhte hagau lam leh “devotional literature” lam ngen ahiziah in Pa Mimin in sim ding athei sih hi. Tualeh mimawl deu mai khen khat in article agelhte bang hoina sang in siatna a hing tut ding a zau hi. Mipil misiamte demna (anti-intellectuals), hausatna demna, numei musitna, khantouna nualna leh rapture tun ding thu (millennialism) chivel laigelh Zou kam a kisun Tangkou te sung ah hun chin in kimu gige hi. Tualeh in tami tengteng in Zou te khantouna dia melma lian penpen ahi chi ngaidan anei hi. Thudih chanve ngen a Zou tate kipuipui ding hilou a, thudih ki-selbuh gen ding poimo dan a mu hi. Khatvei pen Zou sung khantouna toh kisai a phatuam dia a gintat article khat a gelh khe dup a, hinanleh editorial lamte ngaidan toh a kituah lou ziah in a sua nuam sih uhi, “Tami Tangkou ah hichi lam thu kisua ngai sih” achi uhi. Tuami apat, Mimin in hattuam lam ah ki “involve” non lou ding a sawm ta a, na suahsuah uh suah un, chi lungsim anei ta hi. Tualeh hattuam lamkai ten zong Zou sung a khantouna lam thu himhim a, a hithei tan a ki “involve” lou ding policy a nei ua, tahsa leh hagau khantouna pen ui-le-kel bang ahi chi ngaidan hattuam upa tampi lungsim ah a-um zing hi. Mimin in Zou sung kisiat-kibalna leh tuantualna pen hattuam lamkaite ginat lou ziah in a mu a, tualeh hattuam lamkai ten zong solkar nasem ten sawm-a-khat a gina piah lou ziah a hagau lam a kihat thei lou ahi, achi veve uhi.

Posting a pei kawikawi ahiziah in Mimin in Tangkou te “Archives” ah a kembit sih a, newspaper luite toh a sel a hisap in a zuah zel a, kg. 1 ah Rs.5 vel in a zuah hi. Alei tuten Tangkou leh newspaper-te havai manggan tunna in a nei uhi. Mimin in solkar lam thu toh kisai “File” tami anei a, hinanleh Zou lam thu toh kisai bangma File khat zong anei sih hi.

Laisiam Chingnu “Simlei Tawlet” Hilchetna

Chingnu in solkar sepna amu zou lou vang in numei laisiam ahi. BA a zoh in MA zong a sim belap nalai a, numei ahivang in chi-le-nam a ngaina mama hi. Aman Mimin bang in laisim pen solkar sepna muna din a sim thou a, hinanleh pilna deina ziah in zong laibu tampi a sim belap hi. Pasian thu lam leh theina zau (secular) laibu zong tampi a neu apat a sim zing a, Zou pasal graduate maimai te sang in thu a thei zaw hi. Zou kam a kisun laibute ban ah, English a kisun tampi a sim a, zong a kembit tinten hi. Inn hoi anei lou vang in, Chingnu in almarah hoitah anei a, a sung ah laibute chingkip tah in akem a, laibu it leh ngaina ahidan kimu thei hi.

Gospel Tangkou leh Khristian Tangkou sung a lai kigelhte sim tah sih nanleh, Zou kam a kisun ahiziah un khangsawnte adin kepbit (documentation) ngai ahi chi Chingnu in a thei a, tuaziah in laigelhte kepbitna Private Archives kichi khat a kinei a, Zou kam a kigelh laibu leh article himhim tami Archives sung ah kichup tah in “catalogue” a bawl a, a volume tuamtuam in a khui (binding) khawm hi. Tu ban ah Zou te tanchin “research” bawl utten ama Private Archives zat hing ngai ding abang hi. Tami Chingnu Archive a Zou kam a laigelhte khenpi nga in kikhen a, amaute ahileh (1) Tapidaw laibute (2) Secular laibute (3) Hunbihnei a kisun Journal-te (4) Khawl a kisun lou laigelh Manuscripts (5) Mimal laithot, diary leh laipeh themthem “Private Papers” kichite. Manuscripts leh Private Paper-te Chingnu in “File” sung ah kichup tah in a koi detdet a, thulu (information) i dei penpen bailam tah a etthei (retrieve) va lian ahi.

JNU apat MA na zoukhia, Tv. Paulianhang in Zou Workshop Delhi a “Role of mass literacy and local journalism in the Zou society” (March 2005)[7] a paper presentation a bawlna ah Khristian Tangkou sung a content-analysis leh contributors analysis a bawl hi. Aman study abawlna apat tam bang a musuah hi:

“KT sung a thu kigielte ahileh Khristian hinkhuo, Khristian innkuon, hattuom tawh kisai leh pawlpi gindan thute ahia, article tamzawte Bible pansan leh Bible toh kituoh a giel ahi tangpi hi. Khristian unau khat leh khat kihanthawnna, thumna nei dingdan, chite a ki-uong gen mama hi. Secular article a kisuo vang mamam hi … Article giel tute hina enlei a suon huoi taluo umlou chimai ding ahi. Laisimna lam ah BA, BD neite asang pawlte ahi uhi. Amau ka simmawna ahisih a i society dinmun uh ka gen utna ahizaw hi. Ahileh i laisiam neisunte uh heilang a um ta? Tami’n a etsah ahileh lailam a zilna sang nei i tawm ban ah, a umsun te’n zong society puohnatna i nei sih ua, apawnate’n zong ngaidan kupna ding space i nei sih uhi. KT a lah secular article te suotheilou dingdan in ngaidan i nei zel ua”.

Chingnu in Gospel Tangkou study abawlna ah, laigelh tute (contributors) pasal vive ahi ua, pasal ngaidan leh muna maimai a tahlang uhi chi ahing theikhia hi. Tuaziah in Gospel Tangkou sung ah numei musitna ngaidan tampi poison um ahi chi amu a, Bible deituam khenkhat pansan in Zou pasal laigelh tuten numeite a dem dan uh ahing thei khia hi.

Chingnu in January - September 2005 sung a Gospel Tangkou thu-tuun suina (content analysis) a bawlna ah laigelhtu (contributors) mihing 12 a um a, a bawn un pasal ahi ua, numei contributor khat zong a um sih hi. A thugente uh a thu-lu dan a i sui leh tami teng a tuun hi: pianthana thu, Pasian gintatna, khristian itna (love), rupture leh second coming a kivauna (millenarianism), hattuam lamkaihna (leadership), nupa kikal thu (relationships), biah-inn zatdan ding (restrictions), Zou tawndan leh ngainate, adg. a ki nah gen mama hi. Atangpi in Christian-te nasep ding genna lam thu sang in, “Bawl sin” (negative teaching) chi lam thu leh ki-vauna ngen ahi. Maban a bawl ding (positive teaching) lam thu kigenna poimaw pen ahileh Revd Hangpi Manlun gelh “Literature a kipumkhatna”[8] chi ahi deu pen a, tahsa-le-hagau lam khantouna (development) thu toh zong a kinai pen a suah hi. Tami article chi lou Zou sung a “development” toh kizom lai kigelh khat zong a um sih a, tami zong biah-na lam a khantouna genna maimai ahi nalai hi. Christian hattuam ten kipumkhatna bukim (organic unity) nei thei sih nanlei, nasep silbawl a pankhawm thei (unity in ministry) ahidan agen a, etsahna din Zou kam a Pasian labute (hymnal) sutkhawm ding deidan a tahlang hi.

Tualeh Gospel Tangkou Jan – Sept. 2005 sung a laigelh tuten tami article-te gelhna din laibu khat zong a sim sih uh chi Chingnu in a muthei hi. Amau mimal theina maimai ah a kinga ua (impressionistic), a thu-lu gen sawmte uh – khristian itna, hattuam lamkaihna, nupa kikal thu, adg. – midang amau sang a ngaikhoh zaw leh theisiam zaw ten zong laibu a 1000 a sim a na gelh sa uh ahi chi a lunggel masa sih uhi. GT Editorial maimai in khat vei midang laigelh “Reference” a pia a, W.A. Criswell gelh “Can we trust the Bible” laipeh 92-na a tahlang hi. Tami Reference chindan pen sil hoi mama ahi, aziah pen midang ngaidan zang ngal a, Reference i piah louleh, “plagiarism” kichi a, “mi ngaidan guhsah” china ahia, course case kai theina ahi. “Plagiarism” khu dan bawsiatna (crime) khat ahi. Tuaziah in Referece piah dan Chingnu in MA a sim lai apat ana zil ta hi. Pasian thugen kichi ngal a, midang ngaidan guhsah (plagiarise) pen, corruption chi khat ahi pai a, a ngaikhe tute adin zong khattouna um va chi kinem ahuai sih hi. Lai gelhtu ten midang laibu tampi sim a, tuachia Reference zong piah gige ding deina ahi. Reference bawl pen laigelhtu dangte tung a kipahthu genna leh i sulnua tuban a laigelh hing um ding ten a nuasui kia theina lampi hoi pen zong ahi.

Thu-khahna

Tun Zou sung a lai simdan leh laibu zatdan chi li umte i theita uhi. Apoimo pen ahileh lai simthei lou Nu Neinou leh singtang a Zou naupangte adia Total Literacy panlah ding dan thu ahi. Tami thu khoh vawt pen Upa Thangpu in ngai sah lou a, aman a lungsim teng leh thahatna teng a zi-le-tate mosiatna leh ama kimohsiatna (guilt circle) in a zang bei a, khantouna nasepna ding hun anei sih hi. Pa Mimin lah Shillong leh Delhi chivel a posting pei koikoi ahia, Total Literacy bawlna ding hun a nei sih a, hinanleh a hattawp leh sum Rs.500 – 1000 vel tami development nasepna din hing pezou giap ding hi. Hattuam lamkai-te pen “rupture” leh vangam lam thu toh buai seng ahi chiang un, Tongzang a Nu Neinou buaipi man lou uhi. Tualeh Nu Neinou adia Literacy Fund um sunsunte peimang (divert) ding dan a buaipi zaw uhi. Social organisation leh nam lamkai ten Neinou leh a khote uh pen “vote” kuang dan maimai in mu giap ua, Rs.100 vel a lei thei din a hisap ua, ahitheileh a hausa pa tungtawn a lei dan ding a ngaisun uhi.

Chingnu in Zou sung a Tangkou laigelhte pasal ngen ahiban ah, khantouna thu himhim ngaisah lou ahidan uh a thei hi. Aman pen Tongzang a Nu Neinou dinmun a theisiam a, hinanleh zong ama ngei in zong solkar sepna leh dinmun kichup nei lou ahiziah in, Total Literacy chite a gen ngam sih a, a gen sunsun chiang in koima bil ah alut tuan sih hi. Hutdamna Camp bawlna din sum tampi a kidong zel a, Nu Neinou zong a piangtha zel a, a nuatol zel hi. Bible leh Pasian thutah a na kingat lou ziah a nuatol na hi, chi’n Evangelist ten agen ua, hinanleh Bible leh labu enthei lou ahidan koiman a thudon sih hi. Neinou hagau khantouna ding thu ngen agen ua, Pasian thu (Bible) athei lou ziah ua mawl ahidan zong agen pi uhi. Hinanleh a neu pen a gen in, khantouna kalbi masa pen, Bible simtheina (literacy) piah sawm koima a um sih a, zong a pe nuam sih uhi. Vangam thu leh “rapture” thu maimai a hil nuam giap uhi. Sil piah lam a lah hat lou leh Pasian thu lah basam a kisa ziah in, Nu Neinou in “second coming” hing tun ding a huphul a, a mang a se zou hi. Khovel a genthei-hasat toh, vangam ah zong kinepna thupi a nei seng sih a, khat veivei pen aguh in a kinem zel hi. Evangelist tuamtuam thugen dan zong a kibang sih na lai a, aman lah Bible a kisim thei lou ziah in, koi pen dih e chi a lungbuai ten hi. Neinou lungkhamna thupi pen ahileh pawltah tan an kham ding anei diai, chi ahi. Lai sim thei ding (literate) a ut a, hinanleh a singtang lou ham a kuul paipai hi. Total Literacy camp pen pawltah laitah a kibawl ahilou leh, Neinou hing tel manlou tuan lou ding dan ahi. Tun dotna poimaw khat um nalai hi: Tami Nu Neinou mittawtna suhbeina dia Total Literacy Movement koi pat ding ahiai?

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NOTES & REFERENCES:

[1] ELCC Office Archives, Zomi Colony (CC Pur) JCA Minute Book 20 February 1954. Tami JCA Minute Bu sung ah 1950-52 hun a Zou sung dinmun hichin kigelh hi: “Hichi hun laivel in Jou gam kichi hi a mial in a mial nalai a, kima lai tan 6 zong a um nai sih hi. A um khat leh nih ana um nanleh aki thei kha nai sih hi …” (p. 7).

[2] Hinanleh statistics hoitah a um lou ziah in, bang ma getchet thei ahi sih hi; tua ziah in Zou sung a Literacy Survey bawl ding poimo mama hi.

[3] “Mizoram set to achieve Total Literacy” [On-line] http://www.newkerala.com/news, 12 September 2005.

[4] Neinou, Thangpu, Mimin leh Chingnu kichite min kibul tawm (fictious) ahia, a dinmun kigente Zou sung study bawl dia “hypothetical case” a ngaisut ding ahi.

[5] Census of India 2001 – Manipur Provisional Population Totals, Paper I of 2001, p. 13.

[6] Tangkou a thului tamzaw “Impressionistic” style a laigelh ngen ahi. Thu guntu tah a study leh suina um sese lou in, laigelhtu in a lungsim vut penpen a gelh ngaungau a, tuami thulu toh kisai a midang laigelh zong en vateh lou hi.

[7] Tami thului pen original reference ahileh P, Hang (2005) “Role of Mass Literacy and Local Journalism in the Public Sphere: With special reference to the Zou society” chi ahi. [On-line] http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ZouWorkshop/message

[8] Manlun, Revd Hangpi (2005) “Literature a Kipumkhatna”, Gospel Tangkou Vol.19, No. 8&9, August & September 2005; pp. 3 - 4.